Anette Muller

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    Bauhaus-University WeimarChair of Mineral Processing ofBuilding Materials and Reuse

    Recycling of construction anddemolition waste

    Status and new utilisation methods

    Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Anette Mller

    20. CODATA

    October, 23-25, 2006; Beijing

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    Bauhaus-University WeimarChair of Mineral Processing ofBuilding Materials and Reuse Topics

    1 Sustainable development in construction industry

    2 Classification and properties of recycledconstruction materials from CDW

    3 Closed loop of materials from concrete CDW

    4 Utilization of masonry CDW as raw material

    5 Summary and prospects

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    Bauhaus-University WeimarChair of Mineral Processing ofBuilding Materials and Reuse

    Sustainabledevelopment

    Durability

    Secondary

    buildingmaterials

    Con-struction

    Utilization

    Maintenance

    Demolition

    Primarybuilding

    materials

    Processing

    CDW is the umbrella term for very wide

    range of materials which are generatedby all construction activities.

    Sustainable developmentin construction industry

    Recycling

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    Bauhaus-University WeimarChair of Mineral Processing ofBuilding Materials and Reuse

    Sustainabledevelopment

    Amount of CDW per inhabitant in Europe

    European countries Others

    0

    0,4

    0,8

    1,2

    1,6

    2

    30 333 6126

    Pop. density [C/km]

    Hong

    Kong

    Japa

    n

    USA

    0

    0,4

    0,8

    1,2

    1,6

    2

    0 100 200 300 400

    Population density [Capita/km]

    Spec

    .amount

    ofCDW

    [t/a*Capi

    ta]

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    Bauhaus-University WeimarChair of Mineral Processing ofBuilding Materials and Reuse

    Sustainabledevelopment

    Composition of CDW inEurope

    Substitution of natural materials byrecycled materials

    Concrete 239 %

    Asphalt 6...21 %

    Masonry CDW 4292 %

    Mixed rubble 211 %

    Ref.: F.I.R. Interforum 2005

    0 10 20 30 40

    CZ

    CH

    B

    E

    D

    A

    ST*

    NL

    Substitution [%]* South Tyrol

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    Bauhaus-University WeimarChair of Mineral Processing ofBuilding Materials and Reuse Topics

    1 Sustainable development in construction industry

    2 Classification and properties of recycledconstruction materials from CDW

    3 Closed loop of materials from concrete CDW

    4 Utilization of masonry CDW as raw material

    5 Summary and prospects

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    Bauhaus-University WeimarChair of Mineral Processing ofBuilding Materials and Reuse

    Classification

    and properties

    Features for classification

    Division in at least three main groups

    Concrete + mortar + natural aggregates All kinds of brick + ceramics

    Asphalt

    Composition

    Division in at least two groups

    > 2,0 (OD) / 2,2 (SSD) kg/m

    > 1,5 (OD) / 1,8 (SSD) kg/m

    Bulk density

    (water absorption)

    Division in at least two groups

    Material without contaminations

    Material with contaminations lower than certain,defined threshold values

    Content of leach-

    able substances

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    Bauhaus-University WeimarChair of Mineral Processing ofBuilding Materials and Reuse

    Classification

    and properties

    German standard on recycled aggregates DIN 4226-100

    Constituents [% by mass] Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 4

    DIN 4226-100: Recycled aggregatesConcrete

    chippings +crusher sand

    Construc-

    tion chip-pings

    + c. sand

    Masonrychippings +

    c. sand

    Mixedchippings+ c. sand

    Concrete and natural aggregates 90 70 20

    Clinker, non-pored bricks 80Sand-lime bricks 5

    Other mineral materials (i.e. poredbrick, lightweight concrete, no-finesconcrete, plaster, mortar, porousslag, pumice stone)

    2 3 5

    Asphalt 1 1 1

    Foreign substances (i.e. glass, nonferrous metal slag, lump gypsum,

    plastic, metal, wood, plant residue,paper, others)

    0.2 0.5 0.5 1

    OD density/oven dry [kg/m] 2000 2000 1800 1500

    20

    10 30

    80

    Ref.: DIN 4226-100

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    Bauhaus-University WeimarChair of Mineral Processing ofBuilding Materials and Reuse

    Classification

    and properties

    Properties of real concrete CDW

    Composition of processed concrete from one recycling plant

    Ref: SERGIO CIRELLI ANGULO 2005

    0

    20

    40

    60

    80

    100

    120

    1 3 5 7 9 11Sample

    Content[%]

    Concrete and mortar Natural rock

    Mean: 95.1 %Variation

    coefficient: 3.1 %

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    Bauhaus-University WeimarChair of Mineral Processing ofBuilding Materials and Reuse

    Classification

    and properties

    Bulk density of processed concrete from one recycling plant

    Mean: 2.20 g/cmVariationcoefficient: 4.4 %

    Sample

    Bu

    lkdensity[g/cm]

    Nat. aggregate

    Cement paste

    Ref: SERGIO CIRELLI ANGULO 2005

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    Bauhaus-University WeimarChair of Mineral Processing ofBuilding Materials and Reuse

    Classification

    and properties

    Composition of processed masonry from several recycling plants

    0

    20

    40

    60

    80

    100

    120

    1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25

    Sample

    Con

    tent[

    %]

    Brick and ceramics

    Mean: 48.3 %Variation

    coefficient: 21.3 %

    Ref.: WINKLER 2001

    h i i i

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    Bauhaus-University WeimarChair of Mineral Processing ofBuilding Materials and Reuse

    Classification

    and properties

    Bulk density of processed masonry from several recycling plants

    1,4

    1,6

    1,8

    2

    2,2

    1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15

    Sample

    B

    ulkdensity[g/cm

    1,4

    1,6

    1,8

    2

    2,2

    1 3 5 7 9 11 13

    Sample

    B

    ulkdensity[g/cm

    Fraction< 10 mm

    Fraction> 10 mm

    Fraction < 10 mmMean: 1.74 g/cm

    Variationcoefficient: 8.5 %

    Fraction > 10 mmMean: 1.91 g/cmVariation

    coefficient: 5.3 %

    Ref.: WINKLER 2001

    B h U i it W i

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    Bauhaus-University WeimarChair of Mineral Processing ofBuilding Materials and Reuse

    Classification

    and properties

    Conclusion: Considerable fluctuations in compositionand density

    Concrete CDW: Caused by composite nature of concrete morethan by composition

    Masonry CDW: Caused by composition

    Consequences for reuse in closed loops

    High-grade applications not realizable so far due to unstablequality of processed CDW

    Technologies for quality improvement and homogenization haveto be developed

    Ba ha s Uni ersit Weimar

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    Bauhaus-University WeimarChair of Mineral Processing ofBuilding Materials and Reuse Topics

    1 Sustainable development in construction industry

    2 Classification and properties of recycledconstruction materials from CDW

    3 Closed loop of materials from concrete CDW

    4 Utilization of masonry CDW as raw material

    5 Summary and prospects

    Bauhaus University Weimar

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    Bauhaus-University WeimarChair of Mineral Processing ofBuilding Materials and Reuse Concrete

    Coarse recycled concrete aggregates:Composites of cement paste andnatural aggregate

    Consequences of the composite nature on properties ofsecondary concretes

    Fresh concrete: Increase of water absorption and loss ofworkability caused by additional porosity of the adheredcement paste

    Hardened concrete: Loss of compressive strength caused byincreased porosity.

    Hardened concrete: Loss of modulus of elasticity as a result

    of higher porosity and higher content of CSH phases.

    Further effects on shrinkage, creep and durability.

    Bauhaus-University Weimar

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    Bauhaus-University WeimarChair of Mineral Processing ofBuilding Materials and Reuse Concrete

    40

    60

    80

    100

    0 20 40 60 80 100

    Portion of RC aggregate [% by mass]

    Rel.comp.stre

    ngth[%]

    Rel.modulusofe

    lasticity[%

    Rel. comp. strength

    Rel. modulus of elasticity

    Coarse aggregates Coarse + fine agg.

    Replacement of coarseand fine aggregates

    Strength 32 % E-modulus 39 %Replacement of coarseaggregates only

    Strength 16 % E-modulus 20 %

    Mechanical propertiesvs. portion of recycledaggregates

    Bauhaus-University Weimar

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    Bauhaus-University WeimarChair of Mineral Processing ofBuilding Materials and Reuse Concrete

    PrescreeningConcrete

    CDW

    Fe-scrap

    Jawcrusher

    Liberation

    Fines,

    soil

    Separation

    CP-poor

    Products

    CP-rich

    Separation by particlesize or density

    Mechanical orthermal liberation

    Consequences for quality improvement of coarse recycled

    aggregates

    Generation of cement pastefree aggregates with suitabletechniques for liberation and

    separation

    Bauhaus-University Weimar

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    Bauhaus University Weimar

    Chair of Mineral Processing ofBuilding Materials and Reuse Concrete

    Reference Kasai [1993] Yanagibashi [2002]

    Operatingmode

    Material parameterVirginaggregates

    = 2.62 g/cm

    WA 0

    = 2.5...2.61 g/cmWA = 1.2...3.6 %

    Secondaryaggregates

    = 2.52 g/cmWA = 3.0 %

    = 2.4...2.53 g/cmWA = 1.8...5.4 %

    Removal of adheringcement paste byabrasion stress

    External cylinder: 720 mm; height 800 mmRotor: 720 mm; height 800 mm; 500 U/minEccentricity: 11.7 mm

    Bauhaus-University Weimar

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    Bauhaus University Weimar

    Chair of Mineral Processing ofBuilding Materials and Reuse Concrete

    Applying of thermal stress

    Applying of cavitation stress

    Flow cavitation chamberwith specimen (1)

    Degree of separationbetween 46 und 90 %

    water60 kg

    450 kggravel

    350 kgsand

    1 t Concrete waste

    dehyd. CEM < 150 m130 kg

    reinforcement10 kg

    CEM

    700 C

    Massbalance

    Ref.: MULDER 2002 Ref.: MOMBER 2004

    Bauhaus-University Weimar

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    y

    Chair of Mineral Processing ofBuilding Materials and Reuse Concrete

    Applying of high performance sonic impulses(HPSI)

    Electrical energy

    Disruptive electricaldischarge under water

    Shock wave

    Pressure amplitudes up to 100 MPa Rise time < 5 s

    Reflexions at interfaces

    of different density

    Failure at the interfaces

    Generation of pressureand tensile stresses

    Ref.: LINSZ 2004

    Bauhaus-University Weimar

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    y

    Chair of Mineral Processing ofBuilding Materials and Reuse Concrete

    Degree of liberation versusratio of size reduction

    0

    10

    20

    30

    40

    50

    60

    70

    0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5

    Ratio of mean particle sizes [-]

    Degree

    ofliberatio

    nchem

    [%]

    10-2

    0J/g

    25-4

    0J/g

    >40

    J/g