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    About MySQL

    MySQL is the world's most popular open source database software, with over 100 million copiesof its software downloaded or distributed throughout it's history. With its superior speed,reliability, and ease of use, MySQL has become the preferred choice for Web, Web 2.0, SaaS,ISV, Telecom companies and forward-thinking corporate IT Managers because it eliminates themajor problems associated with downtime, maintenance and administration for modern, onlineapplications.

    Many of the world's largest and fastest-growing organizations use MySQL to save time andmoney powering their high-volume Web sites, critical business systems, and packaged softwareincluding industry leaders such as Yahoo!, Alcatel-Lucent, Google, Nokia, YouTube,Wikipedia, and Booking.com.

    The flagship MySQL offering is MySQL Enterprise, a comprehensive set of production-testedsoftware, proactive monitoring tools, and premium support services available in an affordableannual subscription.

    MySQL is a key part of LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP / Perl / Python), the fast-growingopen source enterprise software stack. More and more companies are using LAMP as analternative to expensive proprietary software stacks because of its lower cost and freedom fromplatform lock-in.

    MySQL was originally founded and developed in Sweden by two Swedes and a Finn: David

    Axmark, Allan Larsson and Michael "Monty" Widenius, who had worked together since the1980's. More historical information on MySQL isavailable on Wikipedia

    Our Continued MySQL Values

    We want the MySQL database to be:

    The best and the most-used database in the world for online applications Available and affordable for all Easy to use Continuously improved while remaining fast, secure and reliable Fun to use and improve Free from bugs

    We want the people working on MySQL to:

    Subscribe to the Open Source philosophy

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL
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    Aim to be good citizens Prefer partners that share our values and mindset Answer email and give assistance to users, customers, partners and co-workers Be a virtual organization, networking with others

    If you want to know more or have a request or proposal for us, please visit ourcontacts pagetolearn how to best reach us.

    MySQL

    From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to:navigation,search

    MySQL

    Developer(s) Oracle(formerlySun, formerlyMySQL AB)

    Initial release 23 May 1995

    Stable release5.5.21 / 17 February 2012; 23days ago[1]

    Preview release 5.6.4 / 20 December 2011; 2

    months agoWritten in C,C++

    [2]

    Operating system Cross-platform

    Available in English

    Type RDBMS

    License

    GNU General Public License(version 2, withlinkingexception) or proprietaryEULA

    Website

    www.mysql.com

    dev.mysql.com

    MySQL ( /maskjul/"My S-Q-L",[3]officially, but also commonly/masikwl/"MySequel") is the world's most used[4]relational database management system(RDBMS)[5]thatruns as a server providing multi-user access to a number of databases. It is named after developerMichael Widenius' daughter, My.[6]TheSQLphrase stands for Structured Query Language.[7]

    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    The MySQL development project has made itssource codeavailable under the terms of theGNU General Public License, as well as under a variety ofproprietaryagreements. MySQL wasowned and sponsored by a singlefor-profitfirm, theSwedishcompanyMySQL AB, now ownedbyOracle Corporation.[8]

    Free-software-open source projects that require a full-featured database management systemoften use MySQL. For commercial use, several paid editions are available, and offer additionalfunctionality. Applications which use MySQL databases include:TYPO3,Joomla,WordPress,phpBB,Drupaland other software built on theLAMPsoftware stack. MySQL is also used inmany high-profile, large-scaleWorld Wide Webproducts, includingWikipedia,Google[9](though not for searches),Facebook,[10]andTwitter.[11]

    Contents

    [hide]

    1 Uses 2 Platforms and interfaces 3 Management and graphical frontends

    o 3.1 Officialo 3.2 Third-partyo 3.3 Command line

    4 Deploymento 4.1 Cloud-Based deployment

    5 Featureso 5.1 Distinguishing featureso 5.2 Limitations

    6 Product historyo 6.1 Versionso 6.2 Future releases

    7 Licensing and support 8 Corporate backing history 9 Conflict with NuSphere 10 Forks 11 See also 12 References 13 External links

    [edit] Uses

    MySQL is a popular choice of database for use in web applications, and is a central componentof the widely usedLAMPopen source web application software stackLAMP is an acronymfor "Linux,Apache, MySQL,Perl/PHP/Python".

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Businesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Businesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Businesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL_ABhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL_ABhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL_ABhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#cite_note-sunacquire-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#cite_note-sunacquire-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#cite_note-sunacquire-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TYPO3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TYPO3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TYPO3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joomlahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joomlahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joomlahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordPresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordPresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordPresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhpBBhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhpBBhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drupalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drupalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drupalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAMP_%28software_bundle%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAMP_%28software_bundle%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAMP_%28software_bundle%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Webhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Webhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Webhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#cite_note-mysqlatfacebook-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#cite_note-mysqlatfacebook-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#cite_note-mysqlatfacebook-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#cite_note-mypopescu1-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#cite_note-mypopescu1-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#cite_note-mypopescu1-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#Useshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#Useshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#Platforms_and_interfaceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#Platforms_and_interfaceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#Management_and_graphical_frontendshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#Management_and_graphical_frontendshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#Officialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#Officialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#Third-partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#Third-partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#Command_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#Command_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#Deploymenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#Deploymenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#Cloud-Based_deploymenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#Cloud-Based_deploymenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#Featureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#Featureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#Distinguishing_featureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#Distinguishing_featureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#Limitationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#Limitationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#Product_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#Product_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#Versionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#Versionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#Future_releaseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#Future_releaseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#Licensing_and_supporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#Licensing_and_supporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#Corporate_backing_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#Corporate_backing_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#Conflict_with_NuSpherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#Conflict_with_NuSpherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#Forkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#Forkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MySQL&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MySQL&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAMP_%28software_bundle%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAMP_%28software_bundle%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAMP_%28software_bundle%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linuxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linuxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linuxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_HTTP_Serverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_HTTP_Serverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_HTTP_Serverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_%28programming_language%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_%28programming_language%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_%28programming_language%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_HTTP_Serverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linuxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAMP_%28software_bundle%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MySQL&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#Forkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#Conflict_with_NuSpherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#Corporate_backing_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#Licensing_and_supporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#Future_releaseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#Versionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#Product_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#Limitationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#Distinguishing_featureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#Featureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#Cloud-Based_deploymenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#Deploymenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#Command_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#Third-partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#Officialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#Management_and_graphical_frontendshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#Platforms_and_interfaceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#Useshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#cite_note-mypopescu1-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#cite_note-mysqlatfacebook-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Webhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAMP_%28software_bundle%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drupalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhpBBhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordPresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joomlahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TYPO3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#cite_note-sunacquire-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL_ABhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Businesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code
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    MySQL is an open source database management system and is used in some of the mostfrequently visited websites on the Internet, includingFlickr,[12]Nokia.com,[13]YouTube[14]andas previously mentioned,Wikipedia,[15]Google,[16]Facebook[17][18]andTwitter.[11]

    [edit] Platforms and interfaces

    MySQL is written inCandC++. ItsSQLparser is written inyacc, and a home-brewedlexicalanalyzernamed sql_lex.cc.[19]

    MySQL works on many differentsystem platforms, includingAIX,BSDi,FreeBSD,HP-UX,eComStation,i5/OS,IRIX,Linux,Mac OS X,Microsoft Windows,NetBSD,Novell NetWare,OpenBSD,OpenSolaris,OS/2Warp,QNX,Solaris,Symbian,SunOS,SCO OpenServer, SCOUnixWare,SanosandTru64. A port of MySQL toOpenVMSalso exists.[20]

    Manyprogramming languageswith language-specificAPIsincludelibrariesfor accessingMySQL databases. These include MySQL Connector/Net for integration with Microsoft'sVisual

    Studio(languages such asC#andVBare most commonly used) and the JDBC driver for Java. Inaddition, anODBCinterface calledMyODBCallows additional programming languages thatsupport the ODBC interface to communicate with a MySQL database, such asASPorColdFusion. TheHTSQL-URL-based query method also ships with a MySQL adapter,allowing direct interaction between a MySQL database and any web client via structured URLs.

    [edit] Management and graphical frontends

    MySQL Workbenchin Windows

    MySQL is primarily anRDBMSand ships with noGUItools to administer MySQL databases ormanage data contained within the databases. Users may use the includedcommand line

    tools,[citation needed]

    or download MySQL front-ends from various parties that have developeddesktop software and web applications to manage MySQL databases, build database structures,and work with data records.

    [edit] Official

    The officialMySQL Workbenchis a free integrated environment developed by MySQL AB, thatenables users to graphically administer MySQL databases and visually design database

    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    structures. MySQL Workbench replaces the previous package of software,MySQL GUI Tools.Similar to other third-party packages, but still considered the authoritative MySQL frontend,MySQL Workbench lets users manage the following:

    Database design & modeling

    SQL developmentreplacing MySQL Query Browser Database administrationreplacing MySQL Administrator

    MySQL Workbench is available in two editions, the regularfree and open sourceCommunityEdition which may be downloaded from the MySQL website, and the proprietary StandardEdition which extends and improves the feature set of the Community Edition.

    [edit] Third-party

    Third-party proprietary andfreegraphical administration applications (or "front ends") areavailable that integrate with MySQL and enable users to work with database structure and data

    visually. Some well-known front ends, in alphabetical order, are:

    Adminera free MySQL front end written in onePHPscript, capable of managingmultiple databases, with manyCSSskins available.

    DBEdita free front end for MySQL and other databases. dbForge GUI Toolsa set of tools for database management that includes separate

    applications for schema comparison and synchronization, data comparison andsynchronization, and building queries.

    HeidiSQLa full featured free front end that runs onWindows, and can connect to localor remote MySQL servers to manage databases, tables, column structure, and individualdata records. Also supports specialised GUI features for date/time fields and enumerated

    multiple-value fields.

    [21]

    LibreOffice Base- LibreOffice Base allows the creation and management of databases,

    preparation of forms and reports that provide end users easy access to data. Like Access,it can be used as a front-end for various database systems, including Access databases(JET),ODBCdata sources, and MySQL orPostgreSQL.[22]

    Navicata series of proprietary graphical database management applications, developedfor Windows, Macintosh and Linux.

    OpenOffice.orgOpenOffice.org Basecan manage MySQL databases. (You must installall of the OpenOffice.org suite. It isfree and open source.)

    phpMyAdmina freeWeb-based front end widely installed byWeb hostsworldwide,since it is developed inPHPand is included in the convenientLAMP stack,MAMP, and

    WAMPsoftware bundle installers. Toad for MySQLa free development and administration front end for MySQL from

    Quest Software

    Other available proprietary MySQL front ends includedbForge Studio for MySQL,Epictetus,Oracle SQL Developer,SchemaBank,SQLyog,SQLPro SQL Client,Toad Data Modeler,

    [edit] Command line

    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warehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOAD_%28software%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAMPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAMPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAMP_%28software_bundle%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_hosting_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Webhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhpMyAdminhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_and_open_source_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenOffice.org_Basehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenOffice.orghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navicathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PostgreSQLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ODBChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LibreOfficehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windowshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HeidiSQLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devart#Database_tools_for_MySQLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DBEdithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheetshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adminerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MySQL&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_and_open_source_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL_GUI_Tools
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    MySQL ships with a suite of command-line tools for tasks such as querying the database,backing up data, inspecting status, performing common tasks such as creating a database, andmany more. A variety of third-party command-line tools is also available, includingMaatkit,which is written in Perl.

    [edit] Deployment

    MySQL can be built and installed manually from source code, but this can be tedious so it ismore commonly installed from a binary package unless special customizations are required. Onmost Linux distributions thepackage management systemcan download and install MySQL withminimal effort, though further configuration is often required to adjust security and optimizationsettings.

    Though MySQL began as a low-end alternative to more powerful proprietary databases, it hasgradually evolved to support higher-scale needs as well. It is still most commonly used in smallto medium scale single-server deployments, either as a component in aLAMP-based web

    application or as a standalone database server. Much of MySQL's appeal originates in its relativesimplicity and ease of use, which is enabled by an ecosystem of open source tools such asphpMyAdmin. In the medium range, MySQL can be scaled by deploying it on more powerfulhardware, such as a multi-processor server with gigabytes of memory.

    There are however limits to how far performance can scale on a single server, so on larger scales,multi-server MySQL deployments are required to provide improved performance and reliability.A typical high-end configuration can include a powerful master database which handles datawrite operations and isreplicatedto multiple slaves that handle all read operations.[23]The masterserver synchronizes continually with its slaves so in the event of failure a slave can be promotedto become the new master, minimizing downtime. Further improvements in performance can be

    achieved by caching the results from database queries in memory usingmemcached, or breakingdown a database into smaller chunks calledshardswhich can be spread across a number ofdistributed server clusters.[24]

    [edit] Cloud-Based deployment

    Main article:Cloud database

    Another deployment option is running MySQL oncloud computingplatforms such asAmazonEC2. There are two common deployment models for MySQL on the cloud:

    Virtual MachineImage - cloud users can upload a machine image of their own withMySQL installed, or use a ready-made machine image with an optimized installation ofMySQL on it, such as the one provided by Amazon EC2.[25]

    MySQL as a Service - some cloud platforms offer MySQL "as a service". In thisconfiguration, application owners do not have to install and maintain the MySQLdatabase on their own. Instead, the database service provider takes responsibility forinstalling and maintaining the database, and application owners pay according to their

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maatkithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maatkithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maatkithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MySQL&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MySQL&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Package_management_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Package_management_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Package_management_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAMP_%28software_bundle%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAMP_%28software_bundle%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAMP_%28software_bundle%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhpMyAdminhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhpMyAdminhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_replicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_replicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_replicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memcachedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memcachedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memcachedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shard_%28database_architecture%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shard_%28database_architecture%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shard_%28database_architecture%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MySQL&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MySQL&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MySQL&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_databasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_databasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_databasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_Computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_Computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_Computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_EC2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_EC2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_EC2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_EC2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_Machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_Machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_Machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_EC2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_EC2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_Computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_databasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MySQL&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shard_%28database_architecture%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memcachedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_replicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhpMyAdminhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAMP_%28software_bundle%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Package_management_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MySQL&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maatkit
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    usage.[26]Two notable cloud-based MySQL services are theAmazon Relational DatabaseService, and theXeround Cloud Database, which runs on EC2,RackspaceandHeroku.

    A third option is managed MySQL hosting on the cloud, where the database is not offered as aservice, but the cloud provider hosts the database and manages it on the application owner's

    behalf. As of 2011, of the major cloud providers, onlyRackspaceoffers managed hosting forMySQL databases.[27]

    [edit] Features

    As of April 2009, MySQL offered MySQL 5.1 in two different variants: the open source MySQLCommunity Server and the commercialEnterprise Server. MySQL 5.5 is offered under the samelicences.[28]They have a common code base and include the following features:

    A broad subset ofANSI SQL 99, as well as extensions Cross-platform support Stored procedures Triggers Cursors UpdatableViews Information schema Strict mode[further explanation needed] X/Open XAdistributed transaction processing(DTP) support;two phase commitas part

    of this, using Oracle'sInnoDBengine Independentstorage engines(MyISAMfor read speed,InnoDBfor transactions and

    referential integrity,MySQL Archivefor storing historical data in little space) Transactions with the InnoDB, and Cluster storage engines; savepoints with InnoDB SSLsupport Querycaching Sub-SELECTs(i.e. nested SELECTs) Replication support (i.e. Master-Master Replication & Master-Slave Replication) with

    one master per slave, many slaves per master, no automatic support for multiple mastersper slave.

    Full-textindexingand searching using MyISAM engine Embedded database library PartialUnicodesupport (UTF-8andUCS-2encoded strings are limited to theBMP) ACIDcompliance when using transaction capable storage engines (InnoDBand

    Cluster)[29]

    Partititoned tables with pruning of partitions in optimiser Shared-nothingclustering throughMySQL Cluster Hot backup (via mysqlhotcopy) under certain conditions[30]

    The developers release monthly versions of the MySQL Server. The sources can be obtainedfrom MySQL's website or from MySQL'sBazaarrepository, both under the GPL license.

    [edit] Distinguishing features

    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    MySQL implements the following features, which some otherRDBMSsystems may not:

    Multiple storage engines, allowing one to choose the one that is most effective for eachtable in the application (in MySQL 5.0, storage engines must be compiled in; in MySQL5.1, storage engines can be dynamically loaded atrun time):

    o

    Native storage engines (MyISAM,Falcon, Merge, Memory (heap),Federated,Archive,CSV, Blackhole,Cluster, EXAMPLE,Maria, andInnoDB, which wasmade the default as of 5.5)

    o Partner-developed storage engines (solidDB, NitroEDB, ScaleDB, TokuDB,Infobright(formerly Brighthouse),Kickfire,XtraDB,IBM DB2).[31]InnoDBusedto be a partner-developed storage engine, but with recent acquisitions,Oraclenowowns both MySQL core and InnoDB.

    o Community-developed storage engines (memcache engine,httpd, PBXT,Revision Engine)

    o Custom storage engines Commit grouping, gathering multiple transactions from multiple connections together to

    increase the number of commits per second. Limitations

    MySQL does not currently comply with the SQL standard for some of the implementedfunctionality, including issues like silent ignore of standard SQL syntax, including silentignore of check constraints, foreign key references, and other features used to enforce businesslogic consistency.[32]Triggers are currently limited to one per action / timing, i.e. maximum oneafter insert and one before insert on the same table.[33]There are no triggers on views.[33]

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_database_management_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_database_management_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_database_management_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_time_%28program_lifecycle_phase%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_time_%28program_lifecycle_phase%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_time_%28program_lifecycle_phase%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MyISAMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MyISAMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MyISAMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcon_%28storage_engine%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcon_%28storage_engine%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcon_%28storage_engine%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL_Federatedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL_Federatedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL_Federatedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL_Archivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL_Archivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comma-separated_valueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comma-separated_valueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comma-separated_valueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL_Clusterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL_Clusterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL_Clusterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_%28storage_engine%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_%28storage_engine%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_%28storage_engine%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InnoDBhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InnoDBhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InnoDBhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SolidDBhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SolidDBhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SolidDBhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infobrighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infobrighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickfirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickfirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickfirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=XtraDB&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=XtraDB&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=XtraDB&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_DB2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_DB2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_DB2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#cite_note-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#cite_note-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InnoDBhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InnoDBhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InnoDBhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Memcache_engine&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Memcache_engine&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Memcache_engine&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_serverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_serverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_serverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Revision_Engine&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Revision_Engine&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#cite_note-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#cite_note-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#cite_note-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#cite_note-dev.mysql.com-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#cite_note-dev.mysql.com-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#cite_note-dev.mysql.com-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#cite_note-dev.mysql.com-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#cite_note-dev.mysql.com-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#cite_note-dev.mysql.com-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#cite_note-dev.mysql.com-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#cite_note-dev.mysql.com-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#cite_note-31http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Revision_Engine&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_serverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Memcache_engine&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InnoDBhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL#cite_note-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_DB2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=XtraDB&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickfirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infobrighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SolidDBhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InnoDBhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_%28storage_engine%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL_Clusterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comma-separated_valueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL_Archivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL_Federatedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcon_%28storage_engine%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MyISAMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_time_%28program_lifecycle_phase%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_database_management_system
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    Oracle Database

    From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

    Jump to:navigation,search

    Oracle Database

    Developer(s) Oracle Corporation

    Development status Active

    Written in C,C++[1]

    Available in Multi-lingual

    Type ORDBMS

    License Proprietary

    Website www.oracle.com

    The Oracle Database (commonly referred to as Oracle RDBMS or simply as Oracle) is anobject-relational database management system(ORDBMS)[2]produced and marketed byOracleCorporation.

    Larry Ellisonand his friends, former co-workersBob MinerandEd Oates, started theconsultancy Software Development Laboratories (SDL) in 1977. SDL developed the originalversion of the Oracle software. The name Oracle comes from the code-name of aCIA-fundedproject Ellison had worked on while previously employed byAmpex.[3]

    Contents

    [hide]

    1 Physical and logical structureso 1.1 Storage

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    1.1.1 Disk files 1.1.1.1 Control files

    o 1.2 Database Schema 1.2.1 System Global Area 1.2.2 Library cache

    1.2.3 Data dictionary cache 1.2.4 Program Global Area 1.2.5 Dynamic performance views

    o 1.3 Process architectures 1.3.1 Oracle processes 1.3.2 User processes, connections and sessions

    o 1.4 Concurrency and lockingo 1.5 Configuration

    2 Internationalization 3 History

    o 3.1 Corporate/technical timelineo 3.2 Critical Patch Updates (CPUs) and Security Alertso 3.3 Version numbering

    4 Marketing editions 5 Host platforms 6 Related software

    o 6.1 Oracle productso 6.2 Database optionso 6.3 Suiteso 6.4 Database "features"o 6.5 Standalone toolso 6.6 Other databases marketed by Oracle Corporation

    7 Useo 7.1 Official supporto 7.2 Database-related guidelineso 7.3 Oracle Certification Programo 7.4 User groups

    8 Market positiono 8.1 Competitiono 8.2 Pricing

    9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links

    [edit] Physical and logical structures

    An Oracle database systemidentified by an alphanumeric system identifier or SID[4]comprises at least oneinstanceof the application, along with data storage. An instanceidentified persistently by an instantiation number (or activation id:SYS.V_$DATABASE.ACTIVATION#)comprises a set of operating-systemprocessesand

    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ion=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oracle_Database&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Databasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Databasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Databasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_%28computing%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_%28computing%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_%28computing%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_%28computing%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Databasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oracle_Database&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Bibliographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Pricinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Competitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Market_positionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#User_groupshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Oracle_Certification_Programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Database-related_guidelineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Official_supporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Usehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Other_databases_marketed_by_Oracle_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Standalone_toolshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Database_.22features.22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Suiteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Database_optionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Oracle_productshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Related_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Host_platformshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Marketing_editionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Version_numberinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Critical_Patch_Updates_.28CPUs.29_and_Security_Alertshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Corporate.2Ftechnical_timelinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Internationalizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Configurationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Concurrency_and_lockinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#User_processes.2C_connections_and_sessionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Oracle_processeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Process_architectureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Dynamic_performance_viewshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Program_Global_Areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Data_dictionary_cachehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Library_cachehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#System_Global_Areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Database_Schemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Control_fileshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Disk_files
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    memory-structures that interact with thestorage. Typical processes include PMON (the processmonitor) and SMON (the system monitor).

    Users of the Oracle databases refer to the server-side memory-structure as the SGA (SystemGlobal Area). The SGA typically holdscacheinformation such as data-buffers,SQLcommands,

    and user information. In addition to storage, the database consists of onlineredo logs(or logs),which holdtransactionalhistory. Processes can in turnarchivethe online redo logs into archivelogs (offline redo logs), which provide the basis (if necessary) fordata recoveryand for someforms ofdata replication.

    If the Oracledatabase administratorhas implementedOracle RAC(Real Application Clusters),then multiple instances, usually on differentservers, attach to a centralstorage array. Thisscenario offers advantages such as better performance, scalability and redundancy. However,support becomes more complex, and many sites do not use RAC. In version 10g,grid computingintroduced shared resources where an instance can use (for example)CPUresources fromanother node (computer) in the grid.

    The Oracle DBMS can store and executestored proceduresandfunctionswithin itself.PL/SQL(Oracle Corporation's proprietary procedural extension toSQL), or the object-oriented languageJavacan invoke such code objects and/or provide the programming structures for writing them.

    [edit] Storage

    The Oracle RDBMSstores data logicallyin the form oftablespacesand physically in the formof datafiles("datafiles").[5]Tablespaces can contain various types ofmemory segments, such asData Segments, Index Segments, etc. Segments in turn comprise one or moreextents. Extentscomprise groups of contiguous data blocks. Data blocks form the basic units of data storage.

    There is also apartitioningfeature available on newer versions of the database, which allowstables to be partitioned based on different set of keys. Specific partitions can then be easily addedor dropped to help manage large data sets.

    Oracle database management tracks itscomputer data storagewith the help of information stored

    in the SYSTEM tablespace. The SYSTEM tablespace contains thedata dictionaryand often (bydefault)indexesandclusters. A data dictionary consists of a special collection oftablesthatcontains information about all user-objectsin the database. Since version 8i, the Oracle RDBMSalso supports "locally managed" tablespaces which can store space management information in

    bitmaps in their ownheadersrather than in the SYSTEM tablespace (as happens with the default

    "dictionary-managed" tablespaces). Version 10g and later introduced the SYSAUX tablespacewhich contains some of the tables formerly in the SYSTEM tablespace.

    [edit]Disk files

    This section requiresexpansion.

    Disk files primarily consist of the following types:

    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