9789088903595 - Hofman & Hoogland 2016 - Saba's First Inhabitants - eBook

7/25/2019 9789088903595 - Hofman & Hoogland 2016 - Saba's First Inhabitants - eBook

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TF@FTEKPTX KMBF@KXFMXT

F stiry ie 44>> ygfrs ie Fogrkmhkfm iddupftkimprkir ti Guripgfm dimtfdt (62>> @D FH 68;0)

Dirkmmg L. Bieofm & Ogmmi L.^. Biialfmh


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Tkhgstimg ^rgssF mg w ag mgrftki m ie û`lks bkma

[iu frg rgfhkma f eull vgrskim ie tbks ìic, eir ergg!

Xbks ìic ks pfrt ie tbg Tkhgstimg g-lk`rfry wbgrg oist ie iur

pu`lkdftkims frg eully fddgssk`lg eir ergg. Eir fddgss ti oirg

ergg ìics vkskt: www.skhgstimg.dio/lk`rfry

Hiwmlifh Eull ^HEUkskt tbg Tkhgstimg g-lk`rfry ti `riwsg iur g-ìics. Eir f okmkofl

egg yiu dfm purdbfsg f eully eumdtkimfl ^HE fmh `y hikma si, yiu

bglp ti cggp iur lk`rfry rummkma.

www.skhgstimg.dio/lk`rfry


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- 6 -

TF@FT EKPTXKMBF@KXFMXT


4/116

- 0 -

DILIEIM

0>65 D.L. Biofm & O.L.^. Biialfmh

u`lksbgh `yTkhgsimg ^rgss, Lgkhgmwww.skhgsimg.dioKT@M ;12-;>-22;>-47;-7Lfy-iu & divgr hgskam: Fglkgr Lucgs,

Lgkhgm

^biiarfpbs divgr:Erim: vkgw i Tprkma @fy. Hgdirfghdgrfokd `iwl, Tprkma @fy 4, FH 6>>>-60>>@fdc: vkgw i Tf`f.klgpfag: vkgw i bg siubgfs difs iTf`f fcgm rio T. Gusfkus

Flsi fvfklf`lg fs:g-`iic (^HE):KT@M ;12-;>-22;>-45>-6


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TF@FT EKPTXKMBF@KXFMXT

F siry ie 44>> ygfrsie Fogrkmhkfm iddupfkimprkir i Guripgfm dimfd

(62>> @D FH 68;0)

Dirkmmg L. Biofm &

Ogmmi L. . Biialfmh


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- 8 -

DIMXGMXT

EIPGQIPH`y Jfy @. Bfvksgr 7

^PGEFDG`y Dirkmmg L. Biofm fmh Ogmmi L. . Biialfmh 5

6. TF@F, FM KTILFXGH KTLFMH9 2

Kslfmh sgtkma

6>

Fogrkmhkfm sgtlgogm pftgrms00

0. ^PG-DILIMKFL BKTXIP[ IE TF@F 02

Fogrkmhkfm iddupfkim i Tf`f 4>

flgs i bg Guripgfms

47

4. KTLFMH LKEG 42>> [GFPT FAI 8>

Tf`fs strs kmbf`kfms 80

8.EKTBGPT, DILLGDXIPT, EIPFAGPT

FMH BIPXKDWLXWPFLKTXT 7>

Ukfag lkg 70

Bfmhkdrfes

5>

Qirlhvkgw

57

7.FPDBFGILIAKDFL TKXGT IM TF@F

@GEIPG 68;0 1>

Frdbfgiliakdfl kmvgskafkims im Tf`f

10

Aukhgh iur i ofjir Fogrkmhkfm skgs

15

TF@FPD 6>5

ALITTFP[ 66>

PGDIOOGMHGH @K@LKIAPF^B[ 660


7/116

- 7 -

EIPGQIPHBgrkfag Oftgrs eir Tf`f!

Bksirkdfl, Fmbripiliakdfl, fmh Frdbfgiliakdfl rgsgfrdbbfvg `ggm dimhudgh im Tf`f, f`iu bg kslfmh fmh kspgiplg, ir ofmy agmgrfkims. Km 0>65, bg kogs bfvg gvilvghi f pikm wbgrg ihfy bg pgiplg i Tf`f bgosglvgs frgfckma f oirg fdkvg rilg km rgdirhkma fmh prgsgrvkma bgkriwm bgrkfag. Xg TF@FPD Eiumhfkim `fsgh im Tf`f fmh

wirckma hkrgdly wkb bg Tf`f diooumky, bfs privgm bfprkhg km Tf`f Dulurg ks vkfl, `y fsskskma i drgfg bg Tf`fBgrkfag Dgmgr, fs f `rifh-`fsgh diooumky gxprgsskim `y,ir, fmh f`iu bg pgiplg i Tf`f! K ks bg aifl i bg Tf`fBgrkfag Dgmgr fmh TF@FPD, wirckma wkb iur pfrmgrsrio bg Bfrry Jibmsim Ousguo, Lgkhgm Wmkvgrsky, Tf`fAivgrmogm, lidfl drfe pgrsims fmh lidfl bksirkfms, irgvkvg fmh bkablkab bf sgmsg i prkhg km Tf`f bgrkfag

fmh dulurg, fs f diipgrfkvg diooumky gir. Eiiwkmabg lfs brgg hgdfhgs i prg-Diluo`kfm Lgkhgm Wmkvgrskykmvgskafkims im Tf`f, fs migh km bks viluog wkb ofmygxdkkma mgw hksdivgrkgs ir bg kslfmh, bg Tf`f BgrkfagDgmgr flsi fcgs us briuab bg Dilimkfl grf, fmh rkab upumkl ihfys lkvkma bksiry lfdg-ofckma lfhkgs, `y privkhkmafrkfds, gxbk`kkims, fmh kmskabs kmi bg u rfmag iTf`fs pfs. Qg bipg bf f Tf`fms wk rgaulfrly vksk bgTf`f Bgrkfag Dgmgr wkb bgkr foklkgs fmh rkgmhs, fmh`rkma vkskkma augss bgrg i sbfrg wkb dimsthgmdg bghymfokd bksiry i Tf`f.

Hr. Jfy @. Bfvksgr^rgskhgm, TF@FPD Eiumhfkim


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^PGEFDG

Xg siry i bg strs kmbf`kfms i Tf`f ks `fsgh im frdbfg-iliakdfl kmvgskafkims wbkdb wgrg dfrrkgh iu im bg kslfmh`y Lgkhgm Wmkvgrsky hurkma bg pfs brgg hgdfhgs. 44>>ygfrs i Fogrkmhkfm iddupfkim, bkhhgm umhgr bg sikls fmhripkdfl irgss i bks kmy kslfmh i bg Lgssgr Fmkgs, bfvg`ggm `riuab i lkg briuab gxdfvfkims fmh oulk-hksdk-plkmfry lfìrfiry fmflysgs. Xg siry i bg wfys i lkg fmh

hgfb i Tf`fs strs kmbf`kfms ks f umkqug img. Biw hkhpgiplg survkvg im bg kslfmh fmh wbf wfs ks farkdulurflpigmkfl, biw wgrg bgkr sgtlgogms irafmkzgh, wbf hkhbgkr bfmhkdrfes liic lkcg fmh wbkdb rfw ofgrkfls wgrg usghi prihudg bgo, wbf ckmhs i iih hkh bgy dimsuog fmhwbkdb wgrg bgkr digdkma, stsbkma fmh bumkma gdbmkqugs,biw wfs bgkr `glkg sysgo irafmkzgh fmh biw hkh bgy ùrybgkr hgdgfsgh, wbgrg hkh bgy digd bg dlfys i prihudg

bgkr pis, fmh biw hkh bgy ofkmfkm sidkfl rglfkimsbkpswkb bg ckm diooumkkgs im mgkabìrkma kslfmhs9 Xisg frgbg qugskims bf wg bfvg `ggm fdclkma skmdg iur strs stglhdfopfkam im Tf`f km 6;21. K wfs km bg `gakmmkma i Jfmufryi bf ygfr bf wg sfrgh iur frdbfgiliakdfl prispgdkimskm bg Tprkma @fy frgf bfmcs i bg pgroksskim arfmgh `ybg Tf`f Akvgrmogm briuab bg kmgroghkfry i Or. QkJibmsim. Im iur strs mkab im Tf`f, km bg Dbkmgsg rgsfu-rfm, bgm lidfgh im bg dirmgr ippiskg bg arfvgyfrh kmQkmhwfrhskhg, wg og Ukvkfm Bfssg wbi wfs si ckmh fs ifcg us im iur strs rkp i Tprkma @fy bg iiwkma hfy. Kwfs rio bgrg, bf wg sfrgh iur ofmy ygfrs i stglhwircim bg kslfmh, wkb suhgms rio Lgkhgm fmh bg bglp iofmy Tf`fms. Qg wiulh lkcg i gxgmh iur spgdkfl bfmcs ibg Tf`f Aivgrmogm (L.- Aiv. Q.T. Tokb, T.F.G. Tirim,

F.J.O. Tilfamkgr, fmh J.A.F. Jibmsim), fmh bg pgiplg i


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Tf`f ir bgkr bispkflky fmh ir ofckma Tf`f iur biog kmbg Dfrk``gfm. Qg wiulh lkcg i ogmkim Uglof fmh Bgmc@imgm`fl, Gls fmh Akgh Oioogrs, Qk Jibmsim, DbrksJibmsim, ^ggr Jibmsim, Dfrl Zfagrs, Ailhf Tirim, HfvkhJibmsim, Tfofmbf Lkmzgy, Lksf Bfssg, Dkmhy Bfssg, AlgmmBilo, io fmh Bglggm vfm Bi, fmh ofmy ibgrs wkbwbio wg sbfrgh argf oiogms im bg kslfmh. Qg wiulh

lkcg i fdcmiwlghag f i bisg wbi dimrkùgh i iurprijgds km bg stglh: Pkdbfrh Bfssg, Ukvkfm Bfssg, JfogsJibmsim, bg Tf`f Dimsgrvfkim Eiumhfkim, bg hkgrgmlfmhiwmgrs, bg Tf`f û`lkd Qircs Hgpfrogm fmh LgkhgmWmkvgrsky suhgms. Iur prijgds bfvg `ggm umhgh `y bgEfduly i Frdbfgiliay i Lgkhgm Wmkvgrsky, Xg Mgbgrlfmhs,bg Tkdbkma Mghgrlfmhs Ousguo viir Fmbripiliakggm ^rfgbksirkg, TKDWTF, ICTMF, bg Mgbgrlfmhs

Irafmksfkim ir Tdkgmkstd Pgsgfrdb (MQI), MQITdkgmdg irAli`fl Hgvglipogm (QIPI), fmh bg Guripgfm PgsgfrdbDiumdkl (MGRWT68;0 prijgd arfm. mr. 46;0>;). Frkg @iiogrfmh Lklkfmg hg Ugb frg bfmcgh ir bglpkma stmflkzkma bksìic. ^biiarfpbs fmh hrfwkmas frg ofhg `y Ogmmi L. .Biialfmh, Grkd vfm Hrkgl, Jfm ^fupk fmh Jkooy Ofms.Ekmfy, wg wiulh lkcg i fdcmiwlghag Jfy Bfvksgr fmh PyfmGspgrsgm ir bfvkma iumhgh bg Tf`f Frdbfgiliakdfl Dgmgr(TF@FPD) km irhgr i dimkmug prioikma bg kopirfmdg ifrdbfgiliakdfl rgsgfrdb im bg kslfmh fmh sfgaufrhkma ksprg-dilimkfl fmh dilimkfl bgrkfag ir uurg agmgrfkims.

Dirkmmg L. Bieofm fmh Ogmmi L. . Biialfmh

Lgkhgm, Jfmufry 0>65


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Ukgw im Tprkma @fy, @ii`y Bk i bg rkab fmhElf ^ikm wkb Tf`fs Kmgrmfkimfl Fkrpir.


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6TF@F,FM KTILFXGH

KTLFMH9

Kslfmh sgttkma

^byskdfl fmh agiarfpbkdfl fspgdts

Dlkoftg

Agiliay, agioirpbiliay fmh byhriliay

Uildfmkd bkstiry ie Tf`f

Tikls, vgagtftkim, fmh fmkofl lkeg

Fogrkmhkfm sgttlgogmt pfttgrms

Efdtirs hgtgrokmkma Fogrkmhkfm sgttlgogmt

Hkgrgmt typgs ie frdbfgiliakdfl sktg lidftkims


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KTLFMH TGXXKMA

^B[TKDFL FMH AGIAPF^BKDFL FT^GDXTLidfgh km bg mirbgrmois sgdkim i bg Fmkgfm ks-lfmh frd, f 6142 M Lf fmh 5468 Q Lima, Tf`f ks img i bgLggwfrh Kslfmhs i bg Lgssgr Fmkgfm frdbkpglfai. Tf`f,wkb f surfdg frgf i imly 64 co, ks img i bg sofgr kslfmhsi bg Lgssgr Fmkgs. Ks iulkmg dfm `g hgsdrk`gh fs f hksir-gh rgdfmalg wkb riumhgh dirmgrs. Xg limags hkfoggr f sgflgvgl ks fpprixkofgly 7 co (TQMG), bg sbirgs img fìu 8

co (MQTG). Xg bkabgs pikm i Tf`f, bg suook i OiumTdgmgry, ks riuably skufgh km bg dgmgr fmh sfmhs 21>.8 ofìvg ogfm sgf lgvgl. Turriumhkma bks dgmrfl oiumfkm frgmuogrius sofgr pgfcs wbkdb akvg bg kslfmh ks ypkdfl skl-biugtg. Xg oiumfkm slipgs frg agmgrfy sggp, gxdgghkma5> km siog plfdgs, fmh frg ofrcgh `y griskim. Xg difs iTf`f bfs f`rfhgh fmh irogh sggp dlks3 bks ks f hkrgd rg-sul i sgf wfvg fdkim. Xgrg ks flois mi fff surfdg im bg

kslfmh, wbkdb ofcgs k hkffldul ir dulkvfkim fmh biusg dim-srudkim. Xg pissk`klkkgs ir `gfdbkma ìfs frg flsi lkok-gh. Lfmhkma dfmigs ks imly pissk`lg f f gw lidfkims im bgkslfmh, mif`ly f Tprkma @fy, Aklgs Vfrgr, Eir @fy, wbkdbfrg umsukf`lg hurkma piir wgfbgr dimhkkims. Fskhg riohggrrkma gxplirgrs, bks ous bfvg `ggm f pri`lgo ir stsb-grogm fmh rfhgrs fs wg. Kmhggh, bg sof surfdg frgf, ksprimiumdgh rglkg fmh hkffldul fddgss rio bg sgf akvg Tf`fks gxdgpkimfl fmh umkqug dbfrfdgr.

DLKOFXG

Tf`fs dlkofg dfm, km agmgrfl, `g diopfrgh i bf i bgibgr Lggwfrh Kslfmhs, ù `gdfusg i ks dimskhgrf`lg rglkgbgrg ks f bkabgr lgvgl i prgdkpkfkim. F prgsgm, Tf`fs dlk-ofg ks vgry skoklfr i bf i bg ofkmlfmh i Tiub Fogrkdf

fs Oium Tdgmgry fds fs f `frrkgr i rfkm dliuhs, ofckma bgkslfmh wgtgr bfm bg surriumhkma kslfmhs. Xg uppgr pfr i

Ofp ie tbg

Lgssgr Fmtkllgs

wktb tbg lidftkim

ie Tf`f.


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Tf`f, f`ivg 87> o, ks divgrgh wkb ripkdfl rfkmirgs wkbf lgfs 5> oo i rfkmf gvgry oimb. Xg suook i bg ks-

lfmh ks iegm dlifcgh km ia `gdfusg i bg arfhufl kmdrgfsg iprgdkpkfkim. Xg liwgr pfr i Tf`f, `gliw 87> o, bfs f sf-vfmmfb/oimsiim irgs dlkofg wkb f prgdkpkfkim i 60>>i 68>> oo fmmufy. Xg ygfrly dlkofg i Tf`f dfm riuably`g hkvkhgh kmi brgg kmgrvfls: bg hry, kmgroghkfg, fmh wgpgrkihs. Xg hry sgfsim gxgmhs rio Jfmufry i Ofy wkb foimbly rfkmf i fpprixkofgly 7> i 6>> oo. Xg kmgr-oghkfg pgrkih lfss rio Ofy i Tgpgo`gr, wbgm rfkmf ks

oihgrfg. Xg lfs oimbs i bg ygfr frg bg wg sgfsim wbgm

6. TF@F, FM KTILFXGH KTLF MH9


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prgdkpkfkim ks bkab. Xg gopgrfurg f sgf ks fpprixkofgly07D, wkb vgry lktlg ffudufkim briuabiu bg ygfr. Xgrg ks

f mirbgfsgrm rfhg wkmh hurkma bg ofkm pfr i bg ygfr.Tf`f ks skufgh km bg Flfmkd Burrkdfmg zimg fmh imdg f ygfr,im fvgrfag, f burrkdfmg pfssgs bg kslfmh wkbkm f hksfmdg i0>> co. Gvgry 6>> ygfrs ir si, bgrg ks f bkabgr rgqugmdy iburrkdfmgs bktkma bg Lggwfrh Kslfmhs.

Tiog mif`lg dlkofkd dbfmags iddurrgh km bg rgakim hurkmabg Bilidgmg, wbgm pgrkihs wkb gxdgsskvgly wg fmh hry dlk-

ofkd rgakogs flgrmfgh wkb gfdb ibgr. Agmgrfl kmskabs kmibg dlkofkd dimhkkims hurkma bg prg-dilimkfl pgrkih frg akv-gm briuab pflgi-gmvkrimogmfl hff rio sgvgrfl skgs km bgDfrk``gfm. F pgrkih i hriuabs fmh bkab burrkdfmg rgqugmdy

Xipiarfpbkd

ofp ie Tf`fwktb tbg ofyir

prg-dilimkfl

sktgs.



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dbfrfdgrkzgh bg gmkrg Frdbfkd Fag (rio 84>> @D imwfrhs),iiwgh `y f oirg buokh pgrkih fmh f hkokmukim i burrk-

dfmgs hurkma bg Dgrfokd Fag. F ofjir sfag i hriuabs wfsfafkm rgdirhgh ir bg pgrkih `gwggm FH 1>> fmh ;>>, fmh fsbke wkb rgspgd i bg prgdghkma dgmurkgs dfm `g i`sgrvghkm gros i Fogrkmhkfm sgtlgogm lidfkims fmh hgmsky fswg fs srfgakgs i gmvkrimogmfl gxplikfkim. Dlkofkd dim-hkkims wgrg gxrgogly vfrkf`lg hurkma bg Dgrfokd Fag, wkbwg pgrkihs friumh FH 6>>, 8>> i 5>>, fmh 6>>> i 68>>, fmhhry pgrkihs `gwggm FH 0>> fmh 8>>, FH 1>> fmh ;>>, fmh

fafkm friumh FH 65>>.

AGILIA[, AGIOIP^BILIA[ FMH B[HPILIA[

Tf`f dfm `g dbfrfdgrkzgh fs f skmalg diopiskg vildfmi wkbf dioplgx srudurg. Tf`f dimskss i wi vildfmkd dgmgrs ihkgrgm fag3 bg ilhgs dgmgr bfs `ggm lfragly i`sdurgh `yhgpisks irkakmfkma rio bg yiumagr img. Xgrg ks mi wg-irogh vildfmi drfgr, sudb fs, ir kmsfmdg, Xg Vk im T.

Gusfkus. Xgrgirg, bg gxfd lidfkim i bg ofkm vildfmkdvgm ks umcmiwm fmh bg vildfmi ofy bus `g dlfsskstgh fsf drfgrlgss srfivildfmi. Km agmgrfl, wi ofkm agiliakdflumks dfm `g hkskmauksbgh im Tf`f: bg `fsfl umk fmh bgbkabgr umk. Xg `fsfl umk ks dioprksgh prghiokmfmly ifaaliogrfgs fmh us. Xks umk riuably dirrgspimhs i bgilhgr vildfmi dioplgx. K dimskss ofkmly i difrsg pyridlfskdridcs fs wg fs rgskhug hgpisks, wkb kmgrdflfgh ufdgiussrff. Iddfskimfl fmhgskg `ghs (irogr lfvf ffiws) frg prgs-gm, ù bg pyridlfskds prgvfkl. Xg bkabgr umk dimskss prg-hiokmfmly i fmhgskg. Xks umkdioprksgs bg bkabgr pfrsi Oium Tdgmgry. Xg ìrhgr wkb bg `fsfl umk ks mi vgrywg hgstmgh hug i piir gxpisurg3 ivgr lfrag frgfs bg silkhfmhgskg ridcs frg hgmsgly ivgrariwm fmh divgrgh `y bkskhghg`rks. Fssidkfgh wkb bg lftgr umk frg f muo`gr i hgpis-

ks wbkdb wgrg irogh fs sgpfrfg ìhkgs, mfogly lfvf ffiwsfmh lfvf hiogs, fs wg fs yiumagr pyridlfskds.



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Bgfvy

griskim y hggp

U-sbfpgh autskm tbg Tprkma

@fy frgf.

Puaagh

tgrrfkm ie

Tf`f kslfmh.

Ois i Tf`fs agioirpbiliakdfl gfurgs frg dlisgly rglfghi ks vildfmkd bksiry. Biwgvgr, mim-vildfmkd pridgssgs bfvg

sbfpgh bg prgsgm lfmhiros fs wgll. Mi surprkskmaly akv-gm ks sggp slipgs, griskimfl pridgssgs bfvg plfygh fmh skllplfy fm kopirfm rilg im Tf`f. bg lgvgl i flgrfkim i bglfmhsdfpg, dfusgh `y bgsg griskimfl pridgssgs, hkgrs argf-ly `gwggm bg liwgr fmh bkabgr pfrs i bg kslfmh. bg liwgrpfrs, dimskskma oisly i pgrogf`lg faaliogrfgs fmh uswkb f bkm sikl divgr, sbiw srima aully griskim. bg lfragraullkgs fcg bg iro i fkrly srfkab, sggp-skhgh vfllgys ir

rfvkmgs, wbkdb frg lidflly dfllghaus*. Im Tf`f wi ofkm ypgsi aus dfm `g hkskmauksbgh. bg krs img ks bg W-sbfpghau, wbkdb ks agmgrflly f hggp, sggp-wfllgh rfvkmg (up isgvgrfl gms i oggrs hggp). bg W-sbfpgh aus frg dbfrfd-grkskd i bg mirbgrm fmh wgsgrm slipgs i Oium Tdgmgry(`gwggm Hggp Au/Kslfmh Au km bg mirb fmh Lfhhgr Aukm bg wgs). bgsg aus bfvg `ggm kmdksgh ofkmly kmi bgfaaliogrfg-u sgrkgs. bg ibgr ypg ks bg U-sbfpgh au,

wbkdb bfs f oirg sbflliw priklg fmh ks sgpfrfgh `y sbfrp,syoogrkdfl hkvkhgs fmmkma iu mgfr bg difs. bgsg ausfrg dbfrfdgrkskd i bg (liwgr) siubgrm slipgs i bg vildf-mi. bg ois ypkdfl gxfoplgs frg lidfgh `gwggm bg lfvfhiogs i T. Jibms Elf fmh @ii`y Bkll. Ibgr U-sbfpgh ausfhip bgkr sbfpg km sgdkim lfragly rio `gkma bgoogh km`gwggm vildfmkd hiogs. Tiog ypkdfl gxfoplgs frg Eir Aukm bg siubgfs, rummkma `gwggm @umcgr Bkll, bfks Bkllfmh Eir Bkll, fmh Durvg Au (ir Dirg Au) wkmhkma friumhbg hiog i bg Lgvgl. bg uppgr slipgs i bg vildfmi frg frlgss hkssgdgh bfm bg liwgr slipgs. Aullkgs/aus, wbgm prgs-gm, frg lgss hggply kmdksgh fmh agmgrflly lfdc bg W-sbfpghpriklg. bgsg hkgrgmdgs rglgd bg dio`kmgh kmlugmdgs idlkofg, pfrgm ofgrkfl, sikl, fmh vgagfkim. bg fmhgskkdlfvfs, dbfrfdgrkskd i bg yiuma vildfmkd dimg, bfvg um-

hgraimg sgvgrg ripkdfl wgfbgrkma rgsulkma km hggp, grklgsikls wkb aiih wfgr-bilhkma dfpfdkkgs.



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Ukgw ie bg `iulhgr `gfdb f

Tprkma @fy.



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Iuskhg bg difsfl frgfs,arfvky-kmhudgh ofss wfs-

kma im slipgs ks flsi `glkgvghi bfvg `ggm kopirfm kmoihkykma Tf`fs prgsgmlfmhiros. Flima bg gmkrgdifs i Tf`f lkokgh of-rkmg griskim bfs rgsulgh kmbg irofkim i sggp dlks.Wmhgrdutkma `y wfvgs sk

plfys fm fdkvg rilg km pri-oikma ofss wfskma km bgiro i ridc f fmh hg`rksslkhgs. Xg bkab, pgrpgmhkd-ulfr dlks i bg wgs difs,`gwggm Lfhhgr ^ikm fmhQgs @fy, sggo pfrkdu-lfrly vulmgrf`lg. Ois `fys

bfvg ridcy sbirgs wkb `iul-hgr `gfdbgs. I`vkiusly, bgdifsfl oirpbiliay bfs ko-plkdfkims ir bg fddgssk`kl-ky i bg kslfmh.

UILDFMKD BKTXIP[

IE TF@F

Xg mfurg i Lgssgr Fmkgfmvildfmkso ks f vkilgm img.Xks ks dfusgh i f lfrag gx-gm `y bg vksdisky i bggrupgh ofaof, wbkdb ks ifmhgskkd diopiskkim. Fsbfs `ggm prgvkiusly ogm-

kimgh, bg lima vildfmkd bks-iry i Tf`f ks dlisgly rglfgh



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- 62 -

i bg irofkim pridgssgs i bg kslfmhs sbfpg fmh srudurg.Xgrg frg wi sfags km bg srudurfl gvilukim i Tf`f Kslfmh:

prg-1>,>>> @^ (Okhhlg i Wppgr ^lgksidgmg), fmh pis-1>,>>>@^. Xg strs sfag ks bg pgrkih km kog wbgm bg strs su`-ofrkmg grupkims kmkkfgh bg irofkim fmh ùklhkma up iTf`f. Xg liwgr pfr i Tf`fs supgrsrudurg (bg `fsfl umk)ks gssgmkfy f mirofl srfivildfmi, wkb pyridlfskd ofg-rkfl prghiokmfkma ivgr fmhgskkd lfvf ffiws. Xg pyridlfs-kds iro slkably sgfwfrh hrkppkma srff i ofkmly difrsgfaaliogrfgs, wbkdb frg dlgfrly gxpisgh km bg sggp difsfl

dlks i wgsgrm fmh mirbgrm Tf`f. Hurkma bg irofkim ibks umk sgvgrfl lfvf iuffiws iic plfdg. Xgsg lfvf iuffiwsfrg miw gxpisgh fs lfvf `ghs mgfr sgf lgvgl, irokma prio-imirkgs fmh dfpgs wbkdb frg rgsksfm i griskim. Km gfsgrmfmh siubgrm Tf`f bg `fsfl faaliogrfg sgrkgs ks lgss wg gx-pisgh fmh, oirgivgr, hksur`gh fs f rgsul i vildfmkd fmh gri-skimfl pridgssgs. Img i bg gw dlgfr sgdkims ks hksdlisgh kmbg uppgr diursg i Qgs Au, wgs i Ilh @ii`y Bk. K sbiws

fm flgrmfkim i oulk-dilirgh vildfmkd `rgddkfs fmh faalio-grfgs wkb siog pfrly wgfbgrgh fmhgskg `ghs. Bkabgr upbg slipgs i Oium Tdgmgry bg faaliogrfg-u sgrkgs akvgswfy i oisly ofsskvg fmhgskg ir vildfmkd ridcs (bg bkabgrumk), suaagskma f sbke km bg ypg i vildfmkso, mif`ly riopyridlfskd fdkvky i lfvf guskim.

Fssidkfgh wkb bg fmhgskg umk frg wi dimspkduius lfvfffiws km mirbgfsgrm Tf`f, mfogh bg Elf îkm ffiw fmh bgilhgr @gbkmh bg Pkhag ffiw. Xgkr liwgr pirkims ivgrly bgfaaliogrfg-u sgrkgs, iudrippkma f Divg @fy. Xg sgdimhsfag ks dbfrfdgrkzgh `y bg irofkim i vildfmkd hiogs fmhfssidkfgh pyridlfskd fdkvky, ùkl im ip i bg gfrlkgr hiogdioplgx. Xg suook i Oium Tdgmgry ks i `g dimskhgrgh fsf vildfmkd hiog wbkdb stgh km bg irogr drfgr i bg srfi-

vildfmi. Xks suook hiog wfs irogh fs f rgsul i bkablyvksdius ofaof `gkma pusbgh upwfrhs km bg dgmrfl drfgr Ukgw im

Hkfoimh Pidc.

Tf`fs stggp

fmh bgfvy

grihgh mirtbdifst.



21/116

- 6; -



22/116

- 0> -

pkpg fmh silkhkykma wbgm rgfdbkma bg surfdg, bgrg`y ggd-kvgly dliskma bg vildfmis vgm fmh gmhkma ks grupkvg fdkv-ky. Xg irofkim i bg suook hiog wfs fddiopfmkgh `ypgrkihkd gxpliskvg grupkims, dfusgh `y bg ùklhkma up i afsprgssurg umhgrmgfb bg hiog. Xks rgsulgh km bg hgpiskkimi pyridlfskds flima bg slipgs i bg vildfmi. Efkrly skoul-fmgius wkb bg irofkim i bg suook hiog, f muo`gri pgrkpbgrfl hiogs hgvglipgh fs lfgrfl dimgs im bg fffmcsi bg ofkm vildfmi. Wmlkcg bg suook hiog, bgsg hiogshkh mi iro kmskhg gxkskma drfgrs, ù irdgh bgkr wfybriuab bg ridcs i bg ilhgr irofkims. Xg oirpbiliay ibg hiogs vfrkgs argfly, ù km agmgrfl bgy ofy `g hgsdrk`gh

fs sggp-skhgh bks wkb f simy divgr. Xg ip dfm `g gkbgr


Ukgw im Tprkma

@fy wktb tbg

vildfmkd hiog

Xbg Lgvgl km tbg

`fdc.


23/116

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dimg-sbfpgh (Ilh @ii`y Bk), riumhgh (^frksb Bk), ir fff islkably biiw (Xg Lgvgl), ir sbiw f dio`kmfkim i iros.

Xgsg hkgrgmdgs ofy `g prkofry (rgffgdkma bgkr oihg iirofkim) ir sgdimhfry (dfusgh `y lfgr griskim). Xg hkgr-gm hiogs sbiw argf skoklfrky Km pgriarfpbkd diopiskkim:f frg i fmhgskkd diopiskkim wkb imly okmir hkgrgmdgs`gwggm bgo.

Qbgrg hiog irofkim ofrcgh bg gmh i vildfmkd fdkvkyim Tf`f, bgrg bfs `ggm pis- vildfmkd fdkvky im bg kslfmh.

Xgsg fdkvkkgs kmdluhg bg irofkim i sulpbur fmh aypsuohgpisks, wbkdb hgvglipgh km bg faaliogrfgs i bg mirbgrmslipg i @gbkmh bg Pkhag, fmh bi sprkmas. Irkakmfy bgrgwgrg brgg bi sprkmas im Tf`f, i wbkdb wi sk gxks. Imgks skufgh im bg siubwgs difs, ;>> o siub i bg Lfhhgr.Xg sgdimh img ks im bg mirbgrm sbirg `gliw bg Tulpburokmg fmh ippiskg Arggm Kslfmh. Xg bkrh sprkma wfs lidfghf Qgs @fy fmh hksfppgfrgh prkir i 6;4;.

TIKLT, UGAGXFXKIM, FMH FMKOFL LKEG

Tf`f ks f vildfmkd kslfmh fmh, dimsgqugmly, ks sikls frg vgrygrklg. Biwgvgr, skmdg bg lfmh ks sggp, k ks rfbgr hkfflduli dulkvfg fmh bg lfmh ks lkf`lg i griskim k bg irkakmflvgagfkim bfs `ggm dlgfrgh. Xg suook i Oium Tdgmgryks divgrgh wkb pflo `rfcg fmh glstm wiihlfmh. Hug i dliuhirofkim friumh bg suook, buokhky ks ;>-6>>%. @gwggm80> fmh 57> o f`ivg sgf lgvgl bg kslfmh ks divgrgh wkb sgd-imhfry rfkmirgs fmh pfdbgs i rgg grm `rfcg. @gwggm 0>>fmh 47>/80> o k bfs f hry gvgrarggm vgagfkim, dlfsskstgh fshry gvgrarggm wiihlfmh. Km bg rgofkmkma pfr, `gliw 0>> o,bg vgagfkim dimskss i driim bkdcgs. Xg prgsgm-hfydiooumky i grrgsrkfl fmkofls i Tf`f dioprksgs sgvgrflgmhiagmius spgdkgs i `krhs, rgpklgs, fmh drusfdgfms, fs wg

fs kmvfskvg ofoofls sudb fs bg `riwm rf fmh aif.



24/116

- 00 -

FOGPKMHKFMTGXXLGOGMX^FXXGPMTEFDXIPT HGXGPOKMKMA FOGPKMHKFM TGXXLGOGMX

Xg kslfmh i Tf`f bfh i ogg dgrfkm `fskd rgqukrgogms kmirhgr i `g kmbf`kgh `y prg-Diluo`kfm Fogrkmhkfm dioou-mkkgs. Ois i bgsg `fskd rgqukrgogms wk bfvg hgfl wkbbg fvfklf`klky i rgsb wfgr fmh bg su`sksgmdg gdimioy,

sudb fs bg prgsgmdg i sukf`lg farkdulurfl sikls fmh bgfvfklf`klky i siurdgs i prigkms sudb fs stsb, sbgstsb, `krhs,fmh sof ofoofls. Hug i bg sbfrp rglkg i Tf`f, bg sur-fdg frgf i lfmh sukf`lg ir birkdulurg ofcgs up f rfbgrsof pirkim i bg ifl grrkiry i bg kslfmh. Xg sikls frgoghkuo i fkrly bkab km murkgms, oihgrfgly i wg hrfkmghfmh sukf`lg ir bg dulkvfkim i su`sksgmdg drips sudb fs


Ukgw ie Elft^ikmt, Cgl`gys

Pkhag, Tprkma

@fy fmh Ilh

@ii`y Bkll sggm

erio Oiumt

Tdgmgry.


25/116

- 04 -


ofmkid, pifigs, swgg pifigs, fmh yfos. Xg ifl surfdgfrgf i bg plis sukf`lg ir birkdulurg wkb siog lkokf-

kims foiums i f`iu 61> bf. Friumh 64% i bg ifl surfdgfrgf dfm `g dulkvfgh wkb okmir ir ofjir lkokfkims fmhfm fhhkkimfl 4.7% ks dlfsskstgh fs lfmh ir lkokgh dulkvfkim.Hgspkg bg rgsrkdgh frgf i sukf`lg lfmh ir birkdulurgfmh bf`kfkim fs wg fs bg hkffldul sbirglkmg fddgss, Tf`fwfs img i bg gfrlkgs iddupkgh kslfmhs km bg Lgssgr Fmkgs,friumh 42>> ygfrs fai.

HKEEGPGMX X[^GT IE FPDBFGILIAKDFL TKXG LIDFXKIMTPiuably, brgg hkgrgm prg-dilimkfl sgtlgogm lidfkims dfm`g hkskmauksbgh im Tf`f. Xg strs ks bg kmlfmh lidfkim f fmflkuhg i 68> i 8>> o. Img i bg kmlfmh skgs ks ^luo ^kgdg,wbkdb ks skufgh km bg mirbwgsgrm pfr i bg kslfmh f fmglgvfkim i fpprixkofgly 8>> o f`ivg sgf lgvgl. Ois i bgskgs, biwgvgr, frg skufgh im f sfhhlg gwggm bg liwgr slipg

Ukgw im Tf`fsmirtbwgst difst.

Xbg sktg ie ^luo

^kgdg ks lidftgh

ft fm glgvftkim

ie 8>> o km tbg

tripkdfl eirgst.


26/116

- 08 -


27/116

- 07 -

i Oium Tdgmgry fmh f vildfmkd hiog (bg skgs i Xg @itio,T. Jibms, Qkmhwfrhskhg, Xg ^gfc, fmh Cgl`gys Pkhag). Xks

ckmh i skg lidfkim igrs srfgakd fhvfmfags, sudb fs f aiihvkgw ivgr bg sgf fmh prigdkim fafkms pissk`ly pfsskma bis-klg ariups. Xg sgdimh ypg ks bg difsfl lidfkim, gkbgr f bgliwgr gmh i f rfvkmg ir km f `fskm (Tprkma @fy). Xg liwgr pfri f rfvkmg igrs f vgry rgsrkdgh surfdg frgf fmh k ks fssuoghbf skgs sudb fs, ir kmsfmdg, Diopfamkg Au bfh ibgr umd-kims bfm `gkma frgfs i bf`kfkim. Xgy ofy bfvg `ggm lfmh-kma plfdgs ir dfmigs. Im Tf`f imly img difsfl `fskm, Tprkma

@fy, ks sukf`lg ir iddupfkim. Xg rglkg i bg `fskms i Divg@fy fmh Airg Au @fy ks ii sbfrp. Xg skg i @iklkma Biusgf bg gmh i bg lfvf ffiw i Elf ^ikm hkgrs rio bg ibgrdifsfl lidfkims. Xg bkrh ypg ks bg oiumfkmius lidfkim.Iddfskimfl i`sgrvfkims hgoimsrfg bf bgrg frg sof skgskm bg bks, usgh fs sbglgrs. Ivgr bg dgmurkgs ofmy ksilfghsimg iils bfvg `ggm iumh f bgsg lidfkims.

Xripkdfl

vgagtftkim km

Tf`fs Glekm

eirgst.

Ttimg tiils

eiumh kmfarkdulturfl

plits im Tf`f.

Dillgdtkim

ie tbg Bfrry

Lucg Jibmsim

Ousguo, Tf`f.


7 DO


28/116

- 05 -

Xbg lgvgl, luo kgdg fmh Argft ikmt frg Frdbfkd Fag sktgs.


29/116

- 01 -

Tt. Jibms, Xbg @ittio, Tprkma @fy fmh Cgl`gys Pkhag frg Dgrfokd Fag sktgs.


30/116

- 02 -

Fogrkmhkfm lfmhkma skg imTf`fs siub difs f Aklgs

Vfrgr.


31/116

- 0; -

0^PG-DILIMKFLBKTXIP[ IE

TF@F

Fogrkmhkfm iddupftkim i Tf`f

Xbg Dfrk``gfm dimtgxt: mgtwircs ie oi`klkty

fmh gxdbfmag

Xbg Frdbfkd fmh Dgrfokd Fags im Tf`f

(62>> @D-FH 68;0)

Xflgs i tbg Guripgfms

Frfwfc, Dfrk` fmh Kamgrk


32/116

- 4> -

FOGPKMHKFM

IDDW^FXKIM IETF@F

XBG DFPK@@GFM DIMXGRX: MGXQIPCT IE OI@KLKX[

FMH GRDBFMAG

Xg kmhkagmius, Fogrkmhkfm, iddupfms strs sg ii im Tf`ffriumh 42>> ygfrs fai. Ufrkius rgakims km Mirb, Dgmrfl fmh

Tiub Fogrkdf ofy bfvg sgrvgh fs suddgsskvg himir frgfs ibg kmkkfl Frdbfkd Fag sgtlkma i bg Dfrk``gfm, km agmgrflrio 12>> ygfrs fai imwfrhs. Im bg `fsks i bg mfvkafkim-fl scks rgqukrgh fmh rkscs kmvilvgh, Tiub Fogrkdf sggosi bfvg igrgh bg ois fvirf`lg dimhkkims ir gmry kmibg Lgssgr Fmkgfm frdbkpglfai. Xg gfrlkgs dfopskgs fmhsgtlgogms frg cmiwm rio rkmkhfh, Durffi, Du`f, fmhBkspfmkilf. Fegr bf, lktlg `y lktlg bg kslfmhs i bg Lgssgr

fmh Argfgr Fmkgs `gdfog pipulfgh. Fs siim fs pgiplgiddupkgh bg kslfmhs, bgy sfrgh hiogskdfkma bg kslfmhlfmhsdfpgs fmh prfdkdgh f iro i birkdulurg. Xgkr iilckdimsksgh i ariumh simg fmh sbg koplgogms. Qfys isu`sksgmdg, gdbmiliakdfl cmiwlghag i sgffrkma gmf`lkmai oivg hkrgdly fdriss bg Dfrk``gfm Tgf fmh bg kslfmh pfs-sfags, cmiwlghag i umcmiwm lfmhs, fmh rfmsgr i cmiwl-ghag, gxpgrksg fmh khgfs wgrg pri`f`ly pfssgh im `y bgkmkkfl Frdbfkd Fag kslfmhgrs, ulkofgly lgfhkma i bg uybirkdulurfl diooumkkgs i bg Dgrfokd Fag siogwbgrg`gwggm 2>> fmh 0>> @D. Hymfokd mgwircs `gwggm bg ks-lfmhs fmh `gwggm bg kslfmhs fmh bg surriumhkma dimkmgm-fl rgakims wgrg ofkmfkmgh gvgr skmdg bg kmkkfl sgtlkma ibg kslfmhs. Xg kmsulfr diooumkkgs ulkofgly hgvglipghkmi bg dioplgx bkgrfrdbkdfl sidkgkgs gmdiumgrgh `y bg

Tpfmksb km Bkspfmkilf km 68;0. Qkbkm bg frdbkpglfakd mg-wircs pgiplg oivgh `gwggm bg kslfmhs wbklg skoulfmg-

Mgtwircs

ie oi`klkty

fmh gxdbfmag

`fsgh im tbg

Frdbfkd Fag

sktg ie luo

^kgdg (Tf`fs

ekrst buofm

iddupftkim).


33/116

- 46 -

iusly aiihs fmh khgfs wgrg gxdbfmagh. Wpim strs dimfdwkb bg kmhkagmius kmbf`kfms i bg Dfrk``gfm km 68;0, bg

Guripgfms wgrg fsimksbgh y bgkr viyfakma scks fmh ofkm-gmfmdg i glf`irfg rgakimfl kmgrfdkim mgwircs. Oirgivgr,bg Guripgfm dilimkzgrs wgrg koprgssgh `y bg bkab spggh fwbkdb gxdbfmag i`jgds wgrg kmrihudgh fmh oivgh wkbkmbgsg mgwircs. Tf`f wfs pfr i bgsg mgwircs skmdg bgvgry strs iddupfkim i bg kslfmh.

XBG FPDBFKD FMH DGPFOKD FAGT IM TF@F

(62>> @D- FH 68;0)Tf`f fmh T. Ofrkm wgrg strs iddupkgh `y Frdbfkd Fag stsbgrsfmh irfagrs `gwggm friumh 42>> fmh 47>> ygfrs fai, wbklgir T. Gusfkus bgrg ks imly frdbfgiliakdfl gvkhgmdg rio fbiusfmh ygfrs lfgr. Tof, gopirfrkly iddupkgh dfopskgswgrg gsf`lksbgh flima bg kslfmhs difss, mgfr ofmarivgsfmh siogkogs oirg kmlfmh. Im T. Ofrkm Frdbfkd Fag skgsfrg lidfgh im bg Ergmdb skhg f Mirofm Gsfg, fma Piuag

fmh Irkgm @fy, foimas ibgr lidfkims. Xg wi Frdbfkd Fagskgs cmiwm im T. Gusfkus frg bg Dirrg Dirrg @fy skg fmh

0. ^PG-DILIMKFL BKTXIP[ IE TF@F


34/116

- 40 -

Tokb Au, ìb lidfgh im bg mirb-wgsgrm skhg i bg ks-lfmh, liickma iwfrhs T. Ckts. Xg mgfr`y kslfmhs i Fmaukf,

T. Ckts, Mgvks, Oimsgrrf, @frùhf, fmh Fmkauf wgrg flsivkskgh ir iddupkgh `y stsbgrs fmh irfagrs hurkma bks kogpgrkih. Wmkl f prgsgm bg sof Frdbfkd Fag dfopskg f^luo ^kgdg km bg mirbwgsgrm pfr i Tf`f, skufgh flimabg Tfmhy Druz rfkl fmh siog 0>> o fìvg bg fmdkgm vkl-lfag i Ofrys îkm, ks bg ilhgs cmiwm prgbksirkd skg imbg kslfmh. Xg skg ks umkqugly lidfgh f 8>> o fìvg ogfmsgf lgvgl km Tf`fs `gfukul ripkdfl irgs. Xg skg wfs irkak-

mfy hksdivgrgh `y Or. Dfrl Zfagrs rio Xg @itio fmh Or.Qk Jibmsim. Xg hksdivgry i fm Frdbfkd skg f Eir @fy `yTF@FPD km 0>68 fmh bg stmhkmas i ksilfgh simg fmh sbgiils km frgfs sudb Xg Lgvgl, fmh Argf îkm suaags bfTf`f wfs rgqugmly vkskgh km bks pgrkih.


Elkmt elfcgs erio

^luo kgdg. Xbg

elkmt ks riuabt

kmti Tf`f erioLima Kslfmh

(Fmtkauf). Xbg

elfcgs frg usgh

ti dut ek`rgs.


35/116

- 44 -

F Xg Lgvgl wi ffkm lfhgs bfvg ggm hksdivgrgh y bg Jibmsim`ribgrs hurkma bg hkaakma i f dksgrm km rim i bgkr biusg.

Xg ffkm i wbkdb bg iils wgrg ofhg diogs rio Lima Kslfmh,isbirg Fmkauf, fmh ks skoklfr i bg ofgrkfl i wbkdb bg ffkmfffcgs fmh iils rgdivgrgh rio ^luo ^kgdg frg ofmufdurgh.Tf`fs ofkm prg-dilimkfl iddupfkim hfgs rio bg DgrfokdFag, `gwggm FH 8>> fmh 687>. Tof pgrofmgm vkfags frgcmiwm rio Xg @itio, T. Jibms, Qkmhwfrhskhg, fmh Tprkma@fy. ^giplg km bgsg vkfags wgrg u birkdulurflkss lkvkmario bg dulkvfkim i rii drips fmh bg gxplikfkim i bgkr

ofrkmg gmvkrimogm. Xgy prihudgh pitgry vgssgls, ofhg iilsfmh sdulpurgh i`jgds rio simg, sbg, fmkofl `img, fmh dirfl.Diooumkkgs im Tf`f kmgrfdgh wkb bisg i bg mgkab`irkma ks-lfmhs fs fr fs ugri Pkdi fmh Bkspfmkilf ir bg pridurgogm irfw ofgrkfls fmh i ofkmfkm sidkfl rglfkimsbkps. Im T. Ofrkm



36/116

- 48 -

bg skg i Bipg Gsfg, lidfgh mgfr bg simgqufrrkgs i Bipg Bk, wfs fm kopirfm pri-

vkhgr i arggmsimg dbgr usgh i ofcg fxg fmhfhzg bgfhs ir dgls, wbkdb bfvg `ggm iumh fofmy i bg Tf`fm skgs. Xg Ailhgm Pidc skg imT. Gusfkus ks cmiwm i bfvg `ggm f ofjir sg-lgogm `gwggm FH 8>> fmh ;>> fmh pri`f`lyofkmfkmgh kab rglfkimsbkps wkb bg Tf`fmdiooumkkgs i Xg @itio fmh Tprkma @fy. FAilhgm Pidc rgofkms i 68 wiihgm biusgs bfvg

`ggm iumh fmh sgvgrfl `urkfls. Tkoklfrkkgskm pitgry sylg flsi suaags bf dlisg rglf-kimsbkps gxksgh `gwggm Xg @itio fmh bgTfmhy Bk skg im Fmaukf friumh FH 6>>>-60>>. Km f Tf`f diums ivgr 0> prgbksirkd skgs,hfkma i `ib bg Frdbfkd fmh Dgrfokd Fags.

Elkmt lfhgs eiumh ft

Xbg Lgvgl.


0 DO


37/116

- 47 -

XFLGT IE XBGGWPI^GFMT

FPFQFC, DFPK@ FMH KAMGPK

Xg gfrly dilimkfl pgrkih km bg Dfrk``gfm sfrgh wkb bg strsviyfag i Dbrksipbgr Diluoùs km 68;0 fmh bg kmkkfl Tpfmksbsgtlkma gvgms. Xks gmdiumgr `gwggm bg Tpfmksb fmh bg km-hkagmius pipulfkim i bg frdbkpglfai iic plfdg im bg vfr-kius kslfmhs f hkgrgm oiogms. Eir bg kmhkagmius pgiplgs

bks ogfm hrfskd sidkfl, gdimiokd fmh dulurfl dbfmags. XgLgssgr Fmkgs wgrg rgafrhgh fs kslfs kmklgs (usglgss kslfmhs)`y bg Tpfmkfrhs `gdfusg i bg lfdc i prgdkius aiihs fmh bgkrpuamfdkius fmh dfmmk`flkskd pipulfkim, bg Dfrk`gs. XgTpfmksb frg rgspimsk`lg ir sprgfhkma bg gro Dfrk`gfmh ib-gr mikims sudb fs Dflkmi, Dfo`fk, Dfmk`f, Dfmkof, bf wgrgdbfmagh i Dfmmk`flgsfmh Dfrk`flgsfmh lfgr im i Dfrk`gs, km ir-hgr i kmhkdfg bg puamfdkius fmh ofm-gfkma Kmhkfms i bg

Lgssgr Fmkgs. Xgy wgrg sgfrdbgh ir bgkr rgsksfmdg fafkmsibgr Kmhkfms fmh Tpfmksb dilimkss. K ks rio bg strs dilimkflrgpirs bf lfgr im vfrkius sdbilfrs kopisgh bg wkhgsprgfhdulurfl sdbgog, sgpfrfkma bg pgfdgul fkmis i bg ArgfgrFmkgs rio bgkr stgrdg siubgrm mgkabìrs, bg Dfrk`gs, fmhsuaagsgh bf bg Dfrk``gfm Kslfmhs wgrg kmbf`kgh `y vfrkiusgbmkd ariups f bg kog i bg strs dilimkzfkim. Xg Tpfmksbdbrimkdlgrs mig bf f kslfmhs siubgfs i ûgri Pkdi wgrgkmbf`kgh `y Dfrk`gs. Xgsg Dfrk`gs sruaalgh fafkms Tpfmksbrulg, wbkdb siim ofhg bgo f pgrsgdugh pgiplg. Gvgmufy,bgy wgrg bg imly Kmhkfms wbi diulh `g dfpurgh lgafy irslfvgry purpisgs fmh bg Fmkgs `gdfog bg fvirkg bumkmaariumh irkmhkgris, bumgrs i Kmhkfms. Lfrag muo`grs i bgkmhkagmius kmbf`kfms i bg Lgssgr Fmkgs fmh ibgr kslfmhswgrg gmslfvgh km irhgr i wirc km bg ailhokmgs im Bkspfmkilf

umkl wg kmi bg sgvgmggmb dgmury. Ofmy i bg LgssgrFmkgs wgrg lge umiddupkgh `y bg Tpfmksb.



38/116

- 45 -


39/116

- 41 -

F bumhrgh fmh stey ygfrs fegr bg `gakmmkma i Tpfmksb dili-mkzfkim, Ergmdb dbrimkdlgrs, foima wbio ofmy oksskimfrkgs,

rgpirgh gxgmskvgly im bg rgofkmkma kmhkagmius pipulfkimi bg Lgssgr Fmkgs: bg Dfrf`gs kmsulfkrgs ir Kslfmh Dfrk`s.K ks flsi km bks pgrkih bf bg Ergmdbofm Aukfuog Dippkgrogmkims f ariup i sfvfags ir Kamgrk, lkvkma im Tf`f. Kamgrk(flsi spggh fs K/yamkrks, gygrk, kmmk`ks) frg ogmkimgh `y Ergmdbfmh Gmalksb dbrimkdlgrs briuabiu bg sgvgmggmb dgmu-ry. Xgy dlfko bf bg gro Kamgrkwfs usgh `y bg Dfrk`si T.Ckts, Aufhgliupg fmh Hiokmkdf i hgskamfg fmibgr dfgairy

i kslfmhgrs. Dippkgr, wbi spgm sgvgrfl ygfrs im bg kslfmh iT. Ckts friumh 650;, hgsdrk`gh bgKamgrki Tf`f fs hksirkgmghrguaggs, `gkma mfcgh wkb `gfrhs, sfvfag, fmh lkvkma km dfvgs.Xg irkakmfl mfog ir Tf`f, Fombfmf, wfs rgdirhgh `y Efbgr@rgim, f sgvgmggmb-dgmury Ergmdb oksskimfry.

Xg prg-dilimkfl pgrkih gmhs f hkgrgm kogs im bg vfrkiuskslfmhs, fs bg kmhkagmius pipulfkims wgrg vfrkiusly kmdir-

pirfgh kmi bg dilimkfl sysgo. Im bg Argfgr Fmkgs bgkmhkagmius pgiplgs wgrg dimqugrgh wkbkm f gw hgdfhgs. XgLggwfrh Kslfmhs wgrg imly pgrofmgmly sgtlgh `y Guripgfmsfriumh 650>-4>. Im bg Qkmhwfrh Kslfmhs bg Dfrk` pipulf-kim rgsksgh i bg Guripgfms umkl 61;7. Xg wrktgm (bksirk-dfl) siurdgs fìu bg kmhkagmius kmbf`kfms i bg Dfrk``gfmfmh bgkr dusios fmh `glkgs hfg rio bg strs pbfsg i dili-mkzfkim. Xg ois kopirfm imgs frg bg Tpfmksb hiduogmsrio bg gfrly skxggmb dgmury fìu bg Argfgr Fmkgs fmhbg sgvgmggmb-dgmury Ergmdb, Gmalksb fmh Hudb wrktgmsiurdgs fìu sgvgrfl i bg siubgrm Lgssgr Fmkgfm kslfmhs.Xgsg siurdgs privkhg kopirfm kmirofkim im kmhkagmiusrglkakim, dulurfl rfhkkims, sidki- pilkkdfl irafmkzfkim, sg-lgogm pftgrms, fmh su`sksgmdg prfdkdgs. @y 62>>, bg Dfrk`prgsgmdg km bg Lgssgr Fmkgs wfs hrfofkdfy rghudgh,

ù bg gmdiumgr bfh rgsulgh km mgw fmh umkqug sidkfl ir-ofkims kmffugmdgh `y Fogrkmhkfm, Guripgfm, fmh Frkdfm

"... tbgrg ks f

sgdt ie sfvfags

wbio img

dflls Kamkrks,

tbgy ai titfllymfcgh, fmh

wgfr gfrhs3

wbkdb ks tbg

ippisktg ie fll

Sitbgr_ Kmhkfms,

wbi pull tbgo

iut wbgm kt

diogs3 tbgy

frg khilftrius,

tbgkr rgeusg ks

km tbg dfvglkcg

plfdgs ie tbks

Kslfmh, lkvkma lkcg

wklh `gfsts.

(Dippkgr 6587:

47).



40/116

- 42 -

(^WGPXI PKDI)@rrkafl / Iu`iuoikm

(TX. DPIKR)

Kbk

(FMA

Ofllk

(TX. OFPXKM)

Ifldbk

(TF@F)

Fombfmf

(TX. CKXXT)

Lkfokaf

Lggwfrh kslfmhs fmh bgkr kmhkagmiusmfogs fddirhkma i @rgims hkdkimfryerio bg 61b dgmury.



41/116

- 4; -

dulurfl glgogms. Dfrk` irCflkmfai diooumkkgs f`-

sir`gh lfrag muo`grs i gs-dfpgh Frkdfm slfvgs, lgfhkmai bg irofkim i f @lfdcDfrk` gbmkd khgmky, flima-skhg rfhkkimfl Cflkmfaidiooumkkgs. Fegr sgvgrflwfrs wkb bg @rkksb, bg of-jirky i bg @lfdc Dfrk` pgi-

plg wgrg hgpirgh i DgmrflFogrkdf km 61;1, wbgrgbgy frg miw cmiwm fs bgAfrkeumf. ihfy, hgsdgmhfmsi bg Cflkmfai fmh Afrkeumflkvg km Hiokmkdf, T. Ukmdgmfmh rkmkhfh, wbgrg bgy rg-dlfko bgkr Fogrkmhkfm riis

fs fm kmgarfl pfr i bgkrDfrk``gfm khgmky.

LLF)

bfmf

(TX. @FPXBT)

Ifmlfi

TX. GWTXFXKWT)

Flik

(MGUKT)

Iflkrk

(OIMXTGPPFX)

Fllkiafmf

(FMXKAWF)

Iflfhlk

(@FP@WHF)

Ifboimk

(AWFHGLIW^G)

Dfliudfrf

(OFPKG-AFLFMXG)

Fdbk

(HIOKMKDF)

Iktiudiu`iulk



42/116

- 8> -

Huaiu dfmig,Cflkmfai grrkiry, Hiokmkdf.


43/116

- 86 -

4KTLFMH LKEG42>>[GFPT FAI

Tf`fs strst kmbf`ktfmts

Xbg Frdbfkd Fag

Xbg Dgrfokd Fag


44/116

- 80 -

TF@FT EKPTX

KMBF@KXFMXTXBG FPDBFKD FAG

Xg gfrlkgs rfhkidfrìm hfgs i`fkmgh ir sgtlgogm im Tf`ffrg bisg rio ^luo ^kgdg fmh Eir @fy, hfgh i 4,4>> fmh4,677 57 ygfrs @^ (@girg ^rgsgm). Ibgr Frdbfkd skgs im Tf`ffrg Xg Lgvgl fmh Argf îkm3 bgrg imly f gw frkfds wgrghksdivgrgh wkbiu fmy dlgfr skams i f skg dimgx.

Xg lidfkim i luo kgdg ks fvirf`lg gdfusg k ivgrliics bgdlks f Ofrys îkm fmh privkhgs f aiih vkgw i Qgs @fyfmh bg idgfm. Qgs @fy wfs img i bg gw sukf`lg lfmhkmaplfdgs fvfklf`lg i bg ^luo ^kgdg iddupfms. Ks hksfmdg rio^luo ^kgdg ks imly fìu >.7 co, ù bg sggp bkskhg wiulh

Tbgll fhzgs,

^luo kgdg.

Wsgh eir

wiihwirckma

pri`f`ly km

tbg ofckma ie

dfmigs. Xbgsg

fhzgs frg ofhg

erio tbg lkp ie

tbg dimdb sbgll.


45/116

- 84 -

bfvg ofhg bg rgc km dlko` qukg dbfgmakma. Eiih rgofkmsrgdivgrgh rio afr`fag hgpisks f ^luo ^kgdg kmdluhg ofkm-

ly drf` fmh `krh ìmgs, pikmkma i f gopirfl fmh sgfsimfliddupfkim. K wfs pissk`ly irkgmgh iwfrhs f sg i spgdkflfdkvkkgs sudb fs wiihwirckma ir bg ùklhkma i dfmigs fmhbg afbgrkma i plfms ir iih fmh oghkdkmfl purpisgs. ^luo^kgdg umdkimgh flgrmfgly fmh dioplgogmfrkly wkb sko-klfr dfopskgs im ibgr kslfmhs. Xks gopbfskzgs bg hkvgrsk-stgh fmh ippirumkskd pridurgogm srfgakgs fmh rgakimflrgsiurdg oi`klky i bg Frdbfkd Fag pgiplgs wbi wgrg wg

fhjusgh i bg (okdri-)gmvkrimogm fmh ks sgfsimfl vfrkf-kims. Xg prgsgmdg i lfrag qufmkkgs i ìmgs i Fuhuìmssbgfrwfgr, wbkdb `rgghs im Tf`f imly `gwggm Eg`rufry fmhJuly, suaagss bf bks wfs bg sgfsim bf ^luo ^kgdg wfsiddupkgh. Xg hkg i bg kmbf`kfms i ^luo ^kgdg wfs sup-plgogmgh `y rii drips, ruks fmh arfss sgghs. Arfssgs fmh

4. KTLFMH LKEG 4>>> [GFPT FAI


46/116

- 88 -

Lfrag arkmhkma `iulhgr f ^luo ^kgdgusgh i sbfrpgm sbg fhzgs.


47/116

- 87 -


48/116

- 85 -


49/116

- 81 -

ibgr plfms privkhkma ghk`lg sgghs fmh ruks i f ckmhs frgprgsgm km bg dfopskgs gmvkrimogm. Xg slipgs skufgh

`gliw ^luo ^kgdg frg f sukf`lg bf`kf ir arfssgs fmh rukrggs sudb fs pfpfyf, siursip fmh swggsip, frriwrii, fmhumf dfdus.Xg vildfmkd fmh ripkdfl sikls km bg frgf i ^luo ^kgdg flsiprivkhg gxrgogly sukf`lg dimhkkims ir bg ariwkma i riifmh sggh drip dulkagms. Img okab bkmc i, foima ibgrs,`ktgr fmh swgg ofmkid, swgg pifi, yfo, fmh ofkzg. Fpfrrio rgprgsgmkma fm gxdggm gmvkrimogm ir privkhkma

hkgrgm ckmhs i iih, st`grs ir bg ofmufdurg i `fscgs,ofs fmh stsb pis diulh `g i`fkmgh rio bg surriumhkmasi bg dfopskg. Arkmhkma simgs fmh oirfrs ir plfm pri-dgsskma fs wg fs ariumh simg iils ir ibgr fdkvkkgs sudbfs bfoogrkma fmh pgdckma wgrg ofhg rio vildfmkd ridcswbkdb bfh `ggm dfrrkgh up bg oiumfkm rio bg sgfsbirgwbgrg bgy frg iumh km lfrag qufmkkgs im bg ìulhgr `gfdb-gs. Qgs @fy ks lidfgh `gliw ^luo ^kgdg fmh ks dbfrfdgrkzgh

`y sudb f ìulhgr `gfdb. @gskhgs bg fd bf bks okab bfvg`ggm bg lfmhkma plfdg ir bg ^luo ^kgdg iddupfms, rkps ibg `fy wgrg pri`f`ly ofhg km irhgr i pridurg ridcs ir bgofmufdurg i simg iils, ù flsi i stsb fmh digd dimdbsbgs ir dimsuopkim. Dimdb sbgs dfm sk `g iumh im bg

Dfdbg

hgpiskt ie sbgll

fhzgs (ofhgerio tbg lkp ie

tbg dimdb sbgll,

Li`ftus akafs

ft tbg ^luo

^kgdg sktg. Xbg

sbgll fhzgs wgrg

lget km f ùmhlg

wbgm tbg sktgwfs f`fmhimgh

tgopirfrkly ti

`g rg-usgh upim

rgturm.


Oultk-purpisg

stimg tiils,

^luo ^kgdg.


50/116

- 82 -

sgf arfss `ghs skufgh i bg mirb i Qgs @fy. Xg f`sgmdgi wbilg dimdb sbgs f ^luo ^kgdg fmh bg prgsgmdg i um-

stmksbgh lkps fmh wfsg-prihuds rio bg ofmufdurkma pri-dgss suaags bf bg ogf wfs gxrfdgh fmh bg sbgs wgrgprg-wircgh im bg sbirg. Tu`sgqugmly, bg lkps wgrg fcgm ibg skg ir urbgr ofmufdurkma kmi iils. Qiihwirckmair bg dimsrudkim i huaiu dfmigs okab `g img i bg fd-kvkkgs ir wbkdb pgiplg wiulh bfvg dbisgm i gopirfrklysgtlg km bks oiumfkmius ripkdfl gmvkrimogm.

XBG DGPFOKD FAGihfy bgrg frg friumh 67 cmiwm Dgrfokd Fag skgs im Tf`f,hfkma `gwggm FH 8>> fmh 687>. Xgy frg f lidfgh km bgsiubwgsgrm pfr i bg kslfmh. Ois i bgsg skgs frg skuf-gh flima bg difs. Dimskhgrkma bgkr sof skzg, bg Tf`fm sg-lgogms pri`f`ly ofkmfkmgh kab rglfkimsbkps wkb dio-oumkkgs im bg mgkabìrkma kslfmhs. Km bks sgmsg bgy wgrgpfr i fm kmgr-kslfmh sgtlgogm sysgo fmh rgakimfl sidkfl

mgwirc. Xus fr imly brgg skgs dfm `g ftrkùgh i bg pgrk-ih `gwggm FH 87> fmh 2>> (Cgl`gys Pkhag 6, Tprkma @fy 6 fmhQkmhwfrhskhg). Erio FH 2>> imwfrhs bg muo`gr i skgskmdrgfsgh. Fpfr rio bf`kfkim skgs, bgrg frg f muo`gr isofgr skgs wbkdb pri`f`ly rgprgsgm spgdkfl fdkvky lidf-kims, uklkzgh fs lfmhkma plfdgs, wfgr digdkma siurdgs, fa-rkdulurfl plis, fmh digdkma ir pridurgogm skgs. Fegr FH60>> imly bg Cgl`gys Pkhag 0 skg wfs kmbf`kgh fmh bgrg ksf sof diopimgm i bg sfog hfg f Tprkma @fy 6. Cgl`gysPkhag 0 wfs iddupkgh `y f diooumky i iur i stvg biusg-bilhs `gwggm FH 64>> fmh 647>. K ks gskofgh bf bg lfra-gr sgtlgogms lkcg Xg @itio fmh Tprkma @fy bfh f ofxkoflpipulfkim i fìu 7> i 6>> kmhkvkhufls fmh bf bg sofgrsgtlgogms pri`f`ly dioprksgh imly img biusgbilh gfdb. Kmbg ois pipulfgh pgrkih, `gwggm FH 2>> fmh 60>>, bg i-

fl muo`gr i kmbf`kfms im bg kslfmh ks gskofgh f friumh0>> pgrsims.



51/116

- 8; -

^itsbgrh wktb wbktg im rgh

pfkmtgh oitke erio Xbg @ittio,

FH 6>>>-60>> (dillgdtkim hg

Jissglkm hg Jima, Ousguo ieGtbmiliay, Lgkhgm).

@ft bgfh

fhirmi,

Cgl`gys Pkhag 0,

FH 64>>-647>.


Pgh slkppgh pittgry

sbgrh wktb skaoikh

hgskam, Tprkma @fy

4, FH 6>>>-60>>.


52/116

- 7> -

Eksb `imgs erio prg-dilimkfl skgs im Tf`f usgh eir bgrgdimsrudkim ie bg Fogrkmhkfm hkg.


53/116

- 76 -

8EKTBGPT,

DILLGDXIPT,EIPFAGPT FMH

BIPXKDWLXWPFLKTXT

Ukllfag lkg

Tidkfl irafmkzftkim

Eksbkma diooumktkgs

Biusgs eir tbg lkvkma fmh tbg hgfh

Xrfhg fmh gxdbfmag

Bfmhkdrfes

^grksbf`lg fmh mim-pgrksbf`lg oftgrkfl dulturg^ittgry prihudtkim

Dittim spkmmkma

@ihy fhirmogmts

Qirlhvkgw

Pktufl fttrk`utgs

@urkfl rktufls


54/116

- 70 -

UKLLFAG LKEG

TIDKFL IPAFMKZFXKIMXg strs Frdbfkd stsbgrs fmh irfagrs (62>>-8>> @D) wgrg ir-afmkzgh km sof diooumkkgs. Xgy sgtlgh sgok-pgrofmgmlyir sgfsimfy im bg kslfmh fmh rfvggh i bg mgkabìrkma ks-lfmhs `gwggm Fmkauf fmh ûgri Pkdi pfrs i bg ygfr. Bgrgbgy iddupkgh skgs flima bg difslkmg fmh rglkgh bgfvkly imstsbkma fmh sbgstsb gxplikfkim wbklg skoulfmgiusly pri-durkma rfw ofgrkfls wbkdb bgy `riuab `fdc i Tf`f. ^luo

^kgdg, lkcg ibgr Frdbfkd Fag skgs km bg Lgssgr Fmkgs, ykglhsgvkhgmdg i oulkplg sfags i iddupfkim, f`fmhimogm fmhrgiddupfkim ivgr lima pgrkihs i kog. Xg iilck i bgsgFrdbfkd Fag skgs ks vgry hkvgrsg fmh spgdkfl fdkvky dfopskgssggo i bfvg flgrmfgh wkb gfdb ibgr, prihudkma f vgry hy-mfokd sidkfl lfmhsdfpg km wbkdb vfrkius rgsiurdgs wgrg fr-aggh fmh hkgrgm fdkvkkgs flgrmfgh km f ygfrly oi`klkydydlg. K ks gfsk`lg i bypibgskzg f iro i oi`klky srfgay

i frdbkpglfakd rgsiurdgs, km wbkdb diooumkkgs wiulh bfvgfcgm fhvfmfag i bg sgfsimflky i bg `kikd rgsiurdgsfdriss bg kslfmhs, ù okxgh wkb ibgr prghkdf`lg su`sks-gmdg srfgakgs sudb fs iih plfm prihudkim.

Xg gfrly Dgrfokd Fag diooumkkgs wgrg diopisgh i fìu0> i 6>> pgrsims, bgfhgh `y f dbkg bg piskkim i wbiowfs fdbkgvgh im bg `fsks i bks sidkfl fmh pilkkdfl dfpf`klk-kgs. Diooumkkgs ofkmfkmgh f wbilg rfmag i rglfkimsbkpsbriuabiu bg rgakim. Xgkr sidki-pilkkdfl hgpgmhgmdy imbg diooumkkgs i ibgr kslfmhs ir ofrrkfag pfrmgrs fmhgxdbfmag fmh wfrfrg pfrkgs wfs f prgrgqukskg ir bgkr sud-dgss. Tf`fs lfgs prg-dilimkfl diooumky, lidfgh im Cgl`gysPkhag, wfs pfr i f rgakimfl mgwirc gxgmhkma f bg wfyi Bkspfmkilf. Xg ftrfdkvgmgss i bg Tf`f @fmc ir bg gx-

plikfkim i stsb wfs pri`f`ly bg rgfsim ir kopirfm dbkgsim bg kslfmhs i bg Argfgr Fmkgs i kmdirpirfg Tf`f km

Xbg eksbkma

ariumhs ie tbg

Tf`f @fmc wgrg

flrgfhy bgfvkly

gxpliktgh y

tbg Fogrkmhkfm

kmbf`ktfmts erio

42>> ygfrs fai im.

8. EKTBGPT, DILLGDXIPT, EIPFAGPT FMH BIPXKDWLXWPFLKTXT


55/116

- 74 -

bgkr sidkfl mgwircs. Tkoklfrkkgs km ofgrkfl dulurg (pitgryfmh `ihkly fhirmogms) gvkhgmdg bgsg srima rglfkimsbkps.

Fmibgr kopirfm fspgd i bgsg rglfkimsbkps ks bg srf-gakd piskkim i Tf`f im bg riug rio bg Argfgr Fmkgsiwfrhs bg ofkmlfmh i Tiub Fogrkdf.

Xg kslfmh i Tf`f bfh i ogg dgrfkm `fskd rgqukrgogms i`g kmbf`kgh `y Fogrkmhkfm diooumkkgs. Ois i bgsg `f-skd rgqukrgogms wk bfvg hgfl wkb bg fvfklf`klky i rgsbwfgr, aiih stsbkma ariumhs, dgrfkm aiihs (lkcg sukf`lg wiih

ir `uklhkma) fmh plis ir dulkvfkim. Xg su`sksgmdg gdim-ioy i bg Dgrfokd Fag iddupfms bgfvkly rglkgh im birkdul-urg, mif`ly bg dulkvfkim i rii drips. Xg Fogrkmhkfms



56/116

- 78 -

prfdkdgh slfsb-fmh-ùrm birkdulurg fmh dulkvfgh ofmk-id, swgg pifigs fmh yfo fs sfplg drips. K ks mi dlgfr ir

biw lima bg plis wgrg umhgr dulkvfkim. Tikl dimhkkimsfrg fvirf`lg ir birkdulurg im bg vildfmkd kslfmhs i bgLgssgr Fmkgs, fmh pri`f`ly bgrg wfs mi mgdgssky i sbkebg birkdulurfl plis fmh bf`kfkims hug i sikl hgplgkim.K ks kmhggh rgofrcf`lg bf Tf`f wfs iddupkgh ir si ofmydgmurkgs. Xg prgpfrfkim i `ktgr ofmkid (Ofmkbi gsdulgmf)ks f lima fmh dioplkdfgh pridgss. Erio bksirkdfl fmh gbmi-arfpbkd kmirofkim k ks cmiwm bf bg slfsbkma fmh ùrmkma

Gxpgrkogmt

wktb f ofmkid

arftgr ifrh.

Elkmt elfcgs bfvg

`ggm alugh kmti

tbg wiihgm

ìfrh eir

su`sgqugmt usg

wgfr fmflysks.



57/116

- 77 -

i bg plis wfs bg fsc i bg ogm, wbklg bg pridgsskma i bgofmkid riis km irhgr i i`fkm dfssfvf dfcgs wfs bf i bg

wiogm. Xg ofmkid riis wgrg hua up wkb f hkaakma skdc fmh`riuab i bg vkfag km dfrrykma `fscgs. Bgrg bg riis wgrgdlgfmgh wkb f sbg sdrfpgr fmh bgm arfgh, prgssgh (i gxrfdbg piksimius jukdg) fmh skgvgh `girg `fckma. Gspgdkfy bgdutkma iils (simg fmh sbg fxgs fmh dgls) diulh bfvg `ggmusgh ir f wkhg rfmag i fdkvkkgs sudb fs dutkma rggs ir bgprgpfrfkim i bg slfsb-fmh-`urm plis, biusg dimsrudkim,dfmig ofckma, fmh sikl kfag. Tpgdkfl iils wgrg usgh ir iih

prgpfrfkim. Arfgrs sgrvgh i pridgss wklh kmhkagmius riisfmh arfssgs, ffkm dbkps fs kmsgrs i ofmkid arfgrs. Km fhhkkim,arkmhkma simgs, vfrykma km skzg rio 0> i 87 do, wgrg usgh iarkmh pfmkdikh arfss sgghs, wbklg dlfy arkhhlgs sgrvgh ir `fc-kma dfssfvf `rgfh fmh bg prgpfrfkim i ibgr iih drips.

EKTBKMA DIOOWMKXKGT

Tf`f ks f kmy kslfmh wkb f sbfrp rglkg fmh fs sudb bfh f lko-

kgh dfpfdky i suppir kmhkagmius pipulfkims. Fs im ib-gr kslfmhs, bg Fogrkmhkfm diooumkkgs hgpgmhgh ofkmlyim ofrkmg rgsiurdgs. Gvkhgmdg rio bg afr`fag hgpisks iDgrfokd Fag sgtlgogms im Tf`f kmhkdfgs bf bg ofjirkyi bg vgrg`rfg rgofkms rgprgsgmgh frg rio fqufkd spg-dkgs. Gspgdkfy bg ridcy kmgrkhfl zimg wfs gxplikgh km-gmskvgly briuabiu Tf`fs prg-dilimkfl iddupfkim pgrkih.Tpgdkgs sudb fs sof smfkls (mgrkgs) fmh lima `fdcs (dbkims),lkvkma km bg ridcy kmgrkhfl zimg, wgrg f`umhfmly digdgh.Eksbgs fmh sgf urlgs wgrg flsi kopirfm diopimgms i bgFogrkmhkfm hkg. Xg bf`kfs gxplikgh fmh bg stsbkma gdb-miliay usgh i dfdb bg cgy spgdkgs, ariupgrs, rkaagrstsbgsfmh suragim stsbgs, bfvg koplkdfkims ir bg pridurgogmsrfgakgs bf wgrg pri`f`ly usgh. Ariupgrs fmh rkaagrstsbgsfrg iegm iumh km dlgfr iugr rggs ir ridcy zimgs fmh km hggp-

gr wfgr, 7> gg hggp ir oirg. Xgy wgrg pri`f`ly dfuab wkbbiic fmh lkmg. Turagim stsbgs swko km sdbiils km bg sbfiw



58/116

- 75 -

rggs fmh frg ypkdfy dfuab wkb rfps km bg iro i stsb`fscgs. Lfrag sgf ofoofls lkcg bg ofmfgg fmh sgf urlg

wgrg bfrpiimgh rio bg dfmig, wbklg li`sgrs wgrg dfuab `ybfmh. Eksbbiics wgrg ofhg i dimdb fmh wbglc sbgs (Li`fusakafsfmh Dktfrkuo pkdf). Xg grrgsrkfl rgsiurdgs wgrg lgss km-gmskvgly gxplikgh. Gmhgokd rkdg rfs (Iryzious sp.) dimrkù-gh kopirfmly i bg grrgsrkfl diopimgm fmh bgy kmdrgfsghkm rglfkvg kopirfmdg briuabiu bg Dgrfokd Fag iddupf-kim. Xg faiuk ks mi wg rgprgsgmgh. Xks fmkofl wfs kmri-hudgh rio mirbgrm Tiub Fogrkdf hurkma bg Dgrfokd Fag.

Qbgrgvgr buofms fmh faiuk iddur iagbgr, faiuks frg cgpir bumgh. Pkdg rfs frg ftrfdgh i irgs ghags fmh farkdulur-fl plis fmh ofy bfvg `ggm bumgh i prigd bg farkdulurflgmgrprksg. @krhs fmh kaufmfs wgrg dfuab km liwgr qufmkkgs.

BIWTGT EIP XBG LKUKMA FMH XBG HGFH

Xg skg i Cgl`gys Pkhag 0 bfs privkhgh bg `gs kmirofkimim biw fm Fogrkmhkfm vkfag im Tf`f wiulh bfvg liicgh lkcg.

Xg sgtlgogm srgdbgh flima f rkhag ivgr f hksfmdg i 1> o.Eiur i stvg biusgbilhs, gfdb iddupykma img biusg diopiumh,wgrg lkmgfrly frrfmagh flima bg rkhag. Gfdb diopiumh dim-sksgh i img ir oirg hwgkmas fmh f hiogskd frgf wkb strg-plfdgs, pissk`ly f diickma bu, fmh hrykma fmh soickma rfdcs.Tudb f rfdc (`fr`fci ir ìudfm) dimsksgh i iur ircgh skdcsstxgh km bg ariumh wkb f ark i stmg, srfkab `rfmdbgs imip. Xg rim i bg diopiumh ìrhgrgh fm ipgm frgf irplfzf.Xgsg ipgm frgfs wgrg usgh fs pu`lkd spfdgs ir dimhudkmarkufls fmh diooumfl afbgrkmas. Biusgs wgrg ofhg i wiih3bgy wgrg riumh ir ivfl wkb hkfoggrs i fpprixkofgly 7 i2 o. Xgy wgrg divgrgh wkb rggh ir pflo lgfs. Xg skhgs wgrglge ipgm, ù bg bfdbgh riis dfog hiwm k bg ariumh.Xg strg plfdgs wgrg kmskhg bg biusg3 mgfr bg biusg wgrg dim-srudkims ir bg ckdbgm fmh sidckma. Xg hgfh f Cgl`gys

Pkhag wgrg ùrkgh kmskhg bg biusgs, umhgr bg ffiir. Xgywgrg ùrkgh km f ffgxgh, mgfrly sgfgh, piskkim. Xg ùrkfl pks



59/116

- 71 -

wgrg dimstmgh km skzg fmh km dfsg i fhuls rgsrkdgh i f ogrg17-27 do km hkfoggr. Ois i bg arfvg pks sggo i bfvg `ggm

lge ipgm ir f dgrfkm pgrkih i kog, pri`f`ly umkl hgdiopi-skkim i bg sie kssug bfh fcgm plfdg. Xg ùrkfls sbiw rfd-gs i strg friumh fmh im ip i bg hgdgfsgh. Lima ìmgs ir bgscu wgrg siogkogs fcgm rio bg ùrkfl. Bksirkd siurdgssuaags bf bks wfs himg i bimir bg fmdgsirs. F Cgl`gysPkhag 0 dbklhrgm wgrg ùrkgh wkb fhuls km bg sfog arfvg pk.

XPFHG FMH GRDBFMAG

Xg prgsgmdg i gxikd frkfds fmh rfw ofgrkfls gvkhgmdgsrglfkimsbkps wkb mgkabìrkma kslfmhs fmh bg kmgarfkimi Tf`f km f rgakimfl mgwirc i buofm oi`klky fmh bg gx-dbfmag i aiihs fmh khgfs. @gskhgs, k akvgs kmskab km bg rg-akimfl siurdgs i rfw ofgrkfls fmh pridurgogm srfgakgs.Xg vfrkius Tf`fm skgs ykglh gvkhgmdg ir bg gxplikfkim ilkbkd siurdgs rio iuskhg Tf`f. Ekvg ofkm ridc ypgs wgrguklkzgh ir bg ofmufdurg i iils: lidfl qufrz, pg``lgs fmh

di``lgs i vildfmkd ridc, ffkm rio Lima Kslfmh (Fmkauf), T.Ckts ir ûgri Pkdi, arggm dbgr rio T. Ofrkm, fmh arggm-simg. Arggmsimg foulgs, `gfhs fmh dgls wgrg rfhgh riolidfkims fs fr fs bg Aukfmfs ir bg Hiokmkdfm Pgpu`lkd.Hkirkg gfhs gmdiumgrgh f bg Tprkma @fy fmh Cgl`gys Pkhagskgs ofy rgprgsgm gxdbfmag kgos usgh. Tudb `gfhs frg iegmogmkimgh fs rfhg kgos `y bg Tpfmksb dbrimkdlgrs upimbgkr frrkvfl km bg Dfrk``gfm. Xg srkmas ofhg rio bgsg`gfhs wgrg usgh fs `rkhg prkdgs. Dlfys ir bg ofmufdurg ipis wgrg fdqukrgh lidfy f Pgmhgz-Uius, ù wgrg flsi dil-lgdgh im bg mgkabìrkma kslfmh i T. Gusfkus. Iddfskimfypitgry vgssgls wgrg gxdbfmagh hurkma dgrgoimkfl oggkmasfmh i`fkmgh hurkma sgf rfvgl viyfags i fs fr fs ûgri Pkdiir bg Hiokmkdfm Pgpu`lkd. rfvgl fdriss bg sgf wfs himg wkbhuaiu dfmigs. Xg Fogrkmhkfms wgrg gxdggm sgffrgrs. Xgy

drissgh bg sgf wkb bgkr ìfs iwfrhs bg Argfgr Fmkgs kmbg wgs fmh bg Tiub Fogrkdfm ofkmlfmh km bg siub. Fpfr



60/116

- 72 -

rio sof ifs (mi gxdgghkma 07 gg) ir bg purpisg i stsb-kma, lfrag dfmigs wgrg ùkl ir bg rfmspir i ofgrkfls, wfr

gxpghkkims fmh ir rfhkma. Xg dimsrudkim i ìb ypgs iìfs wfs bg sfog: bg rumc i bg wbkg auo rgg (Hfdryihgslgxfmhrf ar.) wfs iegm usgh. Xg rgg rumc wfs ùrmgh fmh du,km irhgr i ofcg f si-dfgh huaiu dfmig. F sbg fhzg ofhgrio bg lkp i bg dimdb sbg wfs usgh i dbip bg wiih. Xksypg i ìf ogfsurgh upi 8> gg km lgmab fmh wfs fpprix-kofgly 5 gg wkhg. i ofcg bg dfmig sukf`lg ir sgffrkma,bg skhgs wgrg bgkabgmgh wkb wi ir brgg plfmcs i wbkg

fdfjiu. F prgsgm bks ypg i huaiu dfmigs ks sk ofhg kmbgCflkmfai grrkiry i Hiokmkdf.



61/116

- 7; -

@urkfl 640 kmdluhgs fm fhulegoflg kmhkvkhufl fmh img

kmefm fagh 6 i 4 oimbs.


62/116

- 5> -

BFMHKDPFEXT

^GPKTBF@LG FMH MIM-^GPKTBF@LG

OFXGPKFL DWLXWPG

Xg ofgrkfl dulurg i bg Fogrkmhkfm kmbf`kfms i Tf`fwfs vgry hkvgrsg, dimskskma i i`jgds ofhg i sbg, simg,ìmg, wiih, dlfy, dflf`fsbgs, st`grs, rggh, gfbgrs, fmh di-im. Dflf`fsbgs, st`grs, rggh, gfbgrs, fmh ditim frg mi prg-sgrvgh km bg frdbfgiliakdfl rgdirh, ù pfrfgls rio dim-

gopirfry kmhkagmius ariups km Tiub Fogrkdf suaags bfbgsg wgrg dgrfkmly pfr i bg ofgrkfls bf bg Fogrkmhkfmsim Tf`f usgh i ofcg bgkr iilck fmh agfr. Dflf`fsbgs wgrgusgh fs dimfkmgrs ir iih fmh hrkmcs fmh pri`f`ly ir vfr-kius ibgr purpisgs. Bflvgh dflf`fsbgs wgrg usgh fs ìwls,plfgs fmh `gfcgrs. Lfrag imgs wkb sof ipgmkmas sgrvgh fsìtlgs. Xgrg wfs f lfrag vfrkfkim km skzg. wi bflvgh dflf-`fsbgs kgh wkb lkfmfs ir ditim brgfh wgrg usgh fs lidcgh

sidckma vgssgls. Xg dflf`fsb dimfkmgrs wgrg iddfskimfypfkmgh. @fscgry wfs vgry pipulfr ir bg ofmufdurkma idfrrykma `fscgs, dfssfvf prgssgs fmh skgvgs. Qiih wfs usghir bg dimsrudkim i huaiu dfmigs, ìws fmh frriws, fmh`gmdbgs. Qiihgm frriws wgrg privkhgh wkb piksimgh kps kmkogs i wfr. Dlu`s ofhg i wiih wgrg usgh hurkma wfrfrg.

ÎXXGP[ ^PIHWDXKIM

Dlfy vgssgls `glima i bg `gs prgsgrvgh kgos km frdbfgilia-kdfl fssgo`lfags. @ib lidfl fmh kopirgh dlfys wgrg usgh iofmufdurg pitgry fmh gfrbgmwfrg vgssgls wgrg gxdbfmaghwkb diooumkkgs im mgkabìrkma fmh hksfm kslfmhs. Lidfldlfy siurdgs im Tf`f frg lidfgh f Pgmhgz-Uius im bg bkabgrslipgs i Oium Tdgmgry. Ofmy agmgrfkims i pitgrs ousbfvg cmiwm i bgsg siurdgs fs ois i bg dlfy pis rio

bg hkgrgm skgs im Tf`f frg ofhg i bg Pgmhgz-Uius dlfys.Qkbkm bg dlfy siurdgs f Pgmhgz-Uius bgrg ks f dlgfr vfrkgy

Xbg Cgl`gys

Pkhag 0

diooumkty wgrg

kmvilvgh km f

mgtwirc ie trfhg

fmh gxdbfmag

wktb tbg Argftgr

Fmtkllgs. Elkmt

wfs `riuabt

km erio Lima

Kslfmh (Fmtkauf),

arggmstimg erio

Tt. Ofrtkm, siog

ie tbg pittgry

fmh jfhgktg

fxgs erio tbg

Hiokmkdfm

Pgpu`lkd.



63/116

- 56 -

km dlfy quflky. Xg Fogrkmhkfm pitgrs ous bfvg `ggm fwfrgi bgsg vfrkfkims, wbkdb bfh koplkdfkims ir bg pripgrkgs

i bg dlfys fmh bgkr sukf`klky ir spgdkstd vgssgl umdkims.Xg dgrfokds kmdluhg hksbgs, ìwls, jfrs, fmh arkhhlgs ir bg`fckma i dfssfvf `rgfh fmh ibgr rii drips. Dlfy pis wgrgofhg `y ffftgmkma bg dlfy, gkbgr `gwggm bg bfmhs ir imf fff surfdg, fmh `y diklkma, pkmdbkma ir oilhkma. Iegm fdio`kmfkim i bgsg gdbmkqugs wfs usgh. i akvg bg pis fsbkmy fppgfrfmdg, f sof pg``lg wfs usgh i pilksb bg sur-fdg. Xg vgssgls wgrg soiibgh, ùrmksbgh ir pilksbgh km ir-

hgr i ofcg bgkr surfdg soiib fmh gfsy i dlgfm. Oirgivgr,`y rgfkma bg vgssgl surfdg km bks wfy bg pis ai f `g-gr fppgfrfmdg, bgkr srudurg wfs srgmabgmgh wbklg bgkrdrfdc rgsksfmdg wfs kmdrgfsgh.

Ois i bg pitgry wfs usgh ir uklkfrkfm purpisgs sudb fsdiickma, sirfag fmh sgrvkma. Tiog i k wfs usgh km rkuflsfmh dgrgoimkgs. Km bgsg dfsgs bg pitgry wfs hgdirfgh wkb

pfrkdulfr hgskams fpplkgh `y oihgkma, kmdkskma, koprgss-kma, fmh pfkmkma. Tbg, ìmg, dflf`fsb, dlfy, fmh simg iils



64/116

- 50 -

wgrg usgh ir oihgkma, kmdkskma fmh koprgsskma. ^fkmkmawfs himg wkb lkqukh dlfy slkps im bg lgfbgr-bfrh vgssgl

surfdg, prkir i strkma. Xg dilir dio`kmfkims wgrg lkokghi rgh, ù (bkab krim-ixkhg dimgm), wbkg (cfilkmkg), fmh`lfdc (dfrìm ir stmg ariumh ofmafmgsg). Xg dfrìm `lfdcwfs i`fkmgh `y siikma. Xks wfs himg `y difkma bg vgs-sgl surfdg wkb f rgskm ikl ir plfm wfx, fmh bgm soibgrkmabg pi km f strg. Tii wfs fpplkgh i bg surfdg fmh km siogdfsgs f rgh dlfy slkp wfs fpplkgh fs f ckmh i difkma. Xks slkplfygr wfs fpplkgh `girg hrykma ir strkma. Dirfl (Fdripirf pfl-

off) fmh simg arkmhgrs wgrg usgh i drusb bg rgh dilirkmapkaogm. Xks wfs himg `girg strkma. Fegr hrykma, bg pi-gry wfs pklgh up km fm ipgm strg. Tudb f pklg wfs dimsrud-gh `y hkspgrskma ilh pisbgrhs im bg ariumh, divgrgh wkbf lfygr i hrkgh `frc. Xg pitgry wfs bgm plfdgh im ip. Xg`frc wfs pu i strg fmh pkgdgs i wiih wgrg hkspisgh friumh

6. Lfrag diickma

pit, Tprkma @fy 0

sktg, hkfogtgr 80do, FH 6>>>-

60>>.

0. Diickma pit

erio Cgl`gys

Pkhag 0, 41.7do

km hkfogtgr,t FH

64>>-647>.

4. Ilkvf sbgll

tkmdclgrs pri`f`ly

usgh km fro fmh/

ir lga`fmhs.

6. 0.

4.



65/116

- 54 -

fmh im ip i bg pitgry. Wmhgdirfghpitgry wfs pri`f`ly plfdgh km bg

liwgr pfr i bg pklg wkb uglsurriumhkma k, wbklg bg hgdirfghpitgry wfs plfdgh im ip. Dlfy piswgrg strgh f rglfkvgly liw gopgrf-urgs (5>>-2>>D).

DIXXIM T^KMMKMA

Ditim wfs usgh i ofcg bfooidcs fmh fro fmh lga `fmhs.

Ditim `fmhs wgrg wirm friumh bg fros fmh lgas i bgwiogm. Bfooidcs wgrg wivgm km f rfog bf wfs ftfdbghi bg `gfos i bg biusg. Tiogkogs bg wiogm mgghghoirg bfm f ygfr i ofcg f lfrag bfooidc i 4 o lima fmh6.2> o wkhg. Xg ditim wfs spum friumh f skdc i fìu 5>do km lgmab, privkhgh wkb f spkmhlg wbirl ofhg i urlgsbg ir strgh dlfy. Xg spkmhlg wfs righ wkb bg fff bfmh imbg uppgr lga km irhgr i spkm bg ditim. Ditim ks f pgrksbf-

`lg ofgrkfl fmh, dimsgqugmly, ks mi prgsgrvgh frdbfgiliak-dfy, ù dlfy spkmhlg wbirls bfvg `ggm iumh km f bg gxdf-vfkims ofhg im Tf`f. Xg wbirls bfvg fm fvgrfag hkfoggr ifpprixkofgly 7 do fmh fm fvgrfag bgkab i 8 oo. Biwgvgr,

@gfhs ofhg ie

sbgll (Li`ftus

akafs), ìmg

fmh stimg

(hkirktg,

qufrtz fmh

arggmstimg).

Xbgsg `gfhs

wgrg eiumh km

fll Dgrfokd Fag

sktgs im Tf`f,

FH 8>>-687>.


Tpkmhlg

wbirl (usgh eir

dittim spkmmkma)erio Xbg

@ittio, FH

6>>>-60>>

(dillgdtkim hg

Jissglkm hg Jima,

Ousguo ie

Gtbmiliay,

Lgkhgm).


66/116

- 58 -

bgrg frg f gw lfragr fmh bkdcgr gxfoplgs, wkb hkfoggrs`gwggm 6> fmh 60 do fmh 2 i 66 oo km bgkab. Eir bg ofmu-

fdurg i bg spkmhlg wbirls `ricgm fmh hksdfrhgh pisbgrhswgrg sglgdgh, riumhgh-i fmh rg-usgh. Xg vfrkius sfags iofmufdurg i hksdfrhgh gxfoplgs iumh f bg Tf`fm skgssuaags bf bg ofckma i bgsg spkmhlg wbirls iic plfdg kmbg sgtlgogm.

@IH[ FHIPMOGMXT

Ditim likmdlibs, irmfogmgh wkb `gfhs, pgmhfms fmh km-

clgrs, wgrg wirm hurkma gfss. @gfhs, pgmhfms fmh kmclgrswgrg wirm friumh bg mgdc, wrkss fmh fros. Xgy wgrg ofhgi dimdb sbg (Li`fus), hkirkg, fmkofl ìmg, urlg sbg,ggb i prghfirs, sgghs, fmh stsb-ìmg. @krh gfbgrs wgrgusgh fs irmfogms `y skdckma bgo briuab bg lkps, gfrsfmh misg.

Tbgll irmfogmt,

Tprkma @fy 6`,

FH 5>>-;>>.


Xiils ofhg

ie eksb ìmg.

Xbgsg tiils

wgrg usgh fs

mgghlgs ofy`g

km fscgtry

ofckma.


67/116

- 57 -

K ks cmiwm rio bg gfrly wrktgm fddiumsbf bg kmhkagmius pgiplgs i bg Dfrk``gfmwirsbkppgh hgkkgs cmiwm fs zgoks, wbkdbwgrg ofmkpulfgh briuab bg kmgrgrgmdgi bg prkgs ir sbfofm*. Xks `glkg sysgo ksdfgh zgokkso. Xg sbfofm wfs dfgh upimfìu bg urmiu i wfr fmh rfhg gxpghk-

kims, fìu grklky fmh kmgss. Xg rkufli durg f skdc pgrsim wfs pgrirogh f mkab.Xriuab bg soickma i i`fddi fmh bgfckma i bfudkmiagmkd smus, bg sbfofmrgfdbgh bks pgrsimfl aih `y skmakma. Fm i-gr km bg iro i f`fdii, iih ir hrkmcs wfsofhg i bg hgky. Xgm bg hgky fmswgrghbg qugskims wbkdb wgrg fscgh. Xriuab pfr-

kdulfr fdkims bg sbfofm rkgh i durg skdcpgrsims. Tudckma bg kmgss iu i bg ìhy,su`sgqugmly bg sbiwgh f sof simg ir bgbirm i f rfy fs pkgdg i gvkhgmdg. Zgoksfrgrgqugmly ogmkimgh km bg bksirkd siurd-gs rio bg dilimkfl pgrkih fs bg oghkfirs`gwggm bg mfurfl fmh supgrmfurfl wirlhs.^frkdulfr brgg-pikmgh i`jgds (zgoks) frgogmkimgh i bfvg `ggm ùrkgh km bg ariumhkm irhgr i prioig bg grklky i rii drips.

PKXWFL FXXPK@WXGT

Hurkma f rkufl pgrirofmdg ofmy hkgrgmfrkfds, ir pfrfpbgrmflkf, wgrg usgh km irhgri bfvg f suddgssul rkufl. Xrgg-pikmgh i`-

jgds (fssidkfgh wkb zgokkso) iddur f f bgDgrfokd Fag skgs im Tf`f. Xgy frg ofmufd-

QIPLHUKGQ

Dgrgoimkfl

dgrfokd vgssglkm tbg sbfpg ie f

turtlg, hkfogtgr

6>.7do, Tprkma

@fy 4, FH 6>>>-

60>>.



68/116

- 55 -

urgh i sbg, dirfl ir simg. Fm kmbflgr u`g iumh im Tf`f ksofhg i ofmfgg ìmg km bg sbfpg i f stsb. Xg gygs dimfkm

bg rgofkms i f rgskm, pri`f`ly ogfm i ffflx sof kmlfys.Xg oiub ipgmkma ks dimmgdgh wkb wi ipgmkmas `gbkmhbg aks `y fm [-sbfpgh pgrirfkim. Xg i`jgd ks fm kmbflgrhgskmgh ir fckma bfudkmiagmkd smu. K ks fssuogh bf bg[-sbfpgh pgrirfkim wfs gxgmhgh `y wi biiw `krh ìmgspu kmi bg fpgrurgs i bg aks. Xg bfudkmiagmkd smu kscmiwm fs dibi`fkm bg bksirkd siurdgs. K wfs prgpfrgh riobg sgghs i bg Fmfhgmfmbgrf pgrgarkmf rgg. Xg dbrimkdlgrs

ogmkim bf km irhgr i srgmabgm bgkr bfudkmiagmkd g-gd, k wfs mgdgssfry i okx bg drusbgh sgghs wkb piwhgrghsbg. Fmbripioirpbkd (buofm-lkcg) fmh ziioirpbkd (fmk-ofl-lkcg) sdulpurgs ir staurkmgs ofhg i simg, wiih ir ìmg,sbiwkma kmlfys km bg gygs, misg fmh oiubs, frg f vgry dio-oim dulurfl ofmkgsfkim i bg kmhkagmius pgiplgs i bgArgfgr Fmkgs. Xg ofgrkfls usgh ir bg kmlfys frg hkvgrsgfmh kmdluhg sbg, oibgr-i-pgfrl, ailh, dilirgh simg, fmh

urlg ìmg. Xgsg ofgrkfls wgrg ftfdbgh wkb siog ckmh irgskm (lkcg auo rio bg dupgyrgg). Xg fmbripioirpbkdfyfmh ziioirpbkdfy oihglgh staurgs im bg pitgry rio Tf`fdfm `g umhgrsiih imly km gros i bg Fogrkmhkfm `glkg sys-go ir wirlhvkgw. Xg fmbripioirpbkd bgfh luas pri`f`lyrgprgsgm hgkkgs fmh bg ziioirpbkd luas ofy sfmh ir ypk-

Dirfl frtkefdt Eirt

@fy, 2>>-8>> @D

rgprgsgmtkma f

efdg ie f `ft ir

eglkmg (TF@FPD

gxdfvftkim 0>68).



69/116

- 51 -

dfl drgfurgs sudb fs kaufmfs, pglkdfms, rias, `fs fmh urlgs, wbkdb frg dio-oim km bg kmhkagmius sirkgs fmh mfrrfkvgs rgdirhgh `y Guripgfm oksskimfr-

kgs hurkma gfrly dilimkfl kogs. Xg `f, ir gxfoplg, wfs biuab i rgprgsgmbg spkrk i bg hgfh.

@WPKFL PKXWFLT

Qbgm fm Fogrkmhkfm hkgh, fddirhkma i bg Ergmdb gfrly dilimkfl siurdgs, bks/bgr hkrgd rglfkvgs du bgkr bfkr fs f skam i oiurmkma. Xgy wfsbgh bg hg-dgfsgh, pfkmgh bg ìhy wkb fmmfti (@kxf irgfmf) fmh pu bg ìhy kmi f mgwbfooidc. Xgm bg hgdgfsgh wfs plfdgh upim f plfmc km f sgfgh, ffgxgh pisurg

(rgdfkma bg gfl piskkim) fmh ùrkgh km bks iwm biusg. Diooim pgiplg wgrgùrkgh km f dirmgr i bg biusg, ù f bgfhofm ai f arfvg km bg dgmgr i bgbiusg. Xg urkfl pk wfs divgrgh wkb f plfmc fmh urbgr stgh up. Im ip i bg

Xbrgg-pikmtgh i`jgdt (zgok)

ofhg ie dirfl, Tprkma @fy 6f sktg,

FH 8>>-5>>.

Xbrgg-pikmtgh i`jgdt ofhg ie

dfldkruhktg Tprkma @fy 4 sktg,

FH 6>>>-60>>. Dfldkruhktg dfm

`g eiumh km tbg îkmtg @lfmdbg

eiroftkim im Tt. Ofrtkm.

Xbrgg-pikmtgh stimgs erio tbks

oftgrkfl wgrg prihudgh km

argft muo`grs im tbg kslfmh ie

Fmaukllf fmh tbgm trfhgh wktb tbg

surriumhkma kslfmhs.

Xbrgg-pikmtgh i`jgdt ofhg

ie dirfl, Cgl`gys Pkhag 0,

FH 64>>-647>.



70/116

- 52 -

arfvg f strg wfs ofhg fmh bg pgrsimfl `glima-kmas i bg hgdgfsgh wgrg ùrmgh. Fegr img ir

wi ygfrs bg arfvg wfs ipgmgh fafkm km irhgri divgr bg ìhy wkb lfygrs i sfmh. K bghgdgfsgh wfs f bgfhofm, bks biusg wfs f`fm-himgh. Tiogkogs f lima ìmg wfs fcgm riobg arfvg fmh usgh km rkufls i fmdgsir vgm-grfkim. Qirsbkp i bg fmdgsirs wfs vgry ko-pirfm. Xg ùrkfls iumh km bg gxdfvfkimsf Cgl`gys Pkhag 0 vfry km dioplgxky fmh ib

kmbuofkims fmh f drgofkim iddur. Xgrg frgskmalg fmh diopiskg ùrkfls. Km bg lftgr dfsgsgvgrfl kmhkvkhufls wgrg kmgrrgh km img arfvgpk. Xgrg frg prkofry fmh sgdimhfry ùrkfls.Km bg dfsg i f sgdimhfry ùrkfl bg hgdgfsghwfs ùrkgh strs, bgm bg ìmgs wgrg gxbuoghfmh ùrkgh f sgdimh kog.

Xbrgg-pikmtgh i`jgdt

hgpkdtkma f hgkty ofhg ie

dirfl, Cgl`gys Pkhag 0, FH64>>-647>.


Tmuee kmbflgr ofhg ie ofmftgg ìmg, km tbg sbfpg ie f

eksb, Cgl`gys Pkhag 0, FH 64>>-647>. Xbg kmbflgr wfs

eiumh wktb img ie tbg ùrkfls (E>52). Kt wfs pfkmtgh

im siog pfrts fmh tbg gygs wgrg kmlfkh wktb fmitbgr

oftgrkfl (ofy`g sbgll, stimg ir ailh). Xwi billiw `krh

ìmgs wgrg usgh fs smuee tu`gs km tbg aklls ie tbg eksb.


71/116

- 5; -

@urkfl E >52 ft Cgl`gys Pkhag kmdluhkma fm fhult

oflg fmh tbg drgoftgh rgofkms ie twi dbklhrgm.

Xbg drgoftgh rgofkms bfvg ggm hgpisktgh km

tbg rk`dfag ie tbg fhult kmhkvkhufl. Xbg sdbgof ti

tbg rkabt sbiws tbg 5 stgps km tbg `urkfl rktufl: 6) F

dbklh ie 7 ygfrs ilh ks `urkgh kmskhg tbg biusg, tbg

drfmkuo ie f hgdgfsgh 4 ygfr-ilh dbklh ks cgpt km

tbg biusg, 0) tbg fhult oflg ks kmtgrrgh km tbg biusg

fmh hgskddftgs mgfr f ekrg,4) tbg arfvg ie tbg dbklh

ks ipgmgh fmh tbg scglgtfl rgofkms frg dillgdtgh, 8)

tbg rgofkms ie tbg twi dbklhrgm frg gkma drgoftgh,

7) tbg drgoftgh rgofkms frg hgpisktgh km tbg

rk`dfag ie tbg fhult, 5) tbg arfvg ie tbg fhult ks ekllgh

fmh img ie bks lima imgs ks cgpt km tbg biusg.



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7FPDBFGILIAKDFL

TKXGT IM TF@F@GEIPG 68;0

Frdbfgiliakdfl kmvgstkaftkims im Tf`f

6;04-0>67Ofjir Fogrkmhkfm sktgs fmh tbgkr dbrimiliay

Aukhgh tiur i ofjir Fogrkmhkfm sktgs

^luo ^kgdg

Xbg @ittio

Tprkma @fy

Tprkma @fy 6

Tprkma @fy 0

Tprkma @fy 4

Cgl`gys Pkhag

Cgl`gys Pkhag 6

Cgl`gys Pkhag 0


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- 10 -

FPDBFGILIAKDFL

KMUGTXKAFXKIMTIM TF@F

6;04-0>67

J. .@. hg Jissglkm hg Jima wfs bg strs i dfrry iu frdbfgiliakdflkmvgskafkims im Tf`f (6;04). F bg kog bg umdkimgh fs f durf-ir f bg Mfkimfl Ousguo i Gbmiliay, Lgkhgm. Hg Jissglkm hg

Jima irafmkzgh fm frdbfgiliakdfl gxpghkkim i bg MgbgrlfmhsFmkgs fmh dimhudgh rgsgfrdb im f skx kslfmhs. Bks pu`lkdf-kims i bg 6;8>s `glima i bg gfrlkgs frdbfgiliakdfl stglhwircrgpirs im bg frdbfgiliay i bg Dfrk``gfm. Im Tf`f bg dimhud-gh gxdfvfkims km Xg @itio ippiskg bg Fmalkdfm Dburdb, fc-kma bg ofgrkfls `fdc i Lgkhgm wbgrg bgy frg sk durfgh f bgOusguo i Gbmiliay.

K wfs mi umkl bg 6;2>s bf frdbfgiliakss vkskgh Tf`f fafkm, fstrs Jfy Bfvksgr hurkma bg okh-gkabkgs fmh su`sgqugmly DirkmmgBiofm fmh Ogmmi Biialfmh rio 6;21 imwfrhs. Jfy Bfvksgr, bgmftfdbgh i bg Fmbripiliakdfl fmh Frdbfgiliakdfl Kmskug i bgMgbgrlfmhs Fmkgs (FFKMF), ofhg fm frdbfgiliakdfl kmvgmiryi bg prg-dilimkfl fmh dilimkfl skgs im bg kslfmh km 6;27. Biofmfmh Biialfmhs rgsgfrdb im Tf`f dimdgmrfgh im Tf`fs strs km-bf`kfms fmh wfs kmkkfy umhgh `y bg Mgbgrlfmhs Eiumhfkimir ripkdfl Pgsgfrdb (QIPI) fmh wfs rgflkzgh briuab diip-grfkim `gwggm Lgkhgm Wmkvgrsky fmh FFKMF, wkb urbgr fkhrio dulurfl irafmkzfkims sudb fs bg Dimsulfkim Irafm irDulurfl Diipgrfkim km bg Mgbgrlfmhs Fmkgs (ICTMF) fmh bgTkdbkma Mghgrlfmhs Ousguo viir Fmbripiliakg gm ^rfgbksirkg,Fosgrhfo. Xg rgsgfrdb rgsulgh km wi ^bH bgsgs, hggmhgh fLgkhgm Wmkvgrsky km 6;;4 fmh 6;;5 rgspgdkvgly, fmh muogrius frk-

dlgs fmh iics. Pgsgfrdb y Biofm fmh Biialfmh dioprksgh ofmyoimbs i stglhwirc im Tf`f `gwggm 6;21 fmh 0>>5, bgm fafkm km

Gxdfvftkims

`y J.^.@. hg

Jissglkm hg Jima

km Xbg @ittio km

6;04. (fetgr Hg

Jissglkm hg Jima

6;81).


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0>60 fmh 0>67, wbklg bg rgofkmkma kog wfs spgm km bg lf`irfirkgsf Lgkhgm Wmkvgrsky. Xgkr frdbfgiliakdfl hff bfvg `ggm dioplg-

ogmgh wkb kmirofkim rio bksirkd fmh gbmiarfpbkd siurdgsrio bg dkrduo-Dfrk``gfm frgf km irhgr i ag f `gtgr umhgrsfmh-kma i bg sidkfl fmh dulurfl dimgx i bgkr stmhkmas. Xg prg-di-limkfl grf bfs flwfys irogh bg idus i ois rgsgfrdb f LgkhgmWmkvgrsky, dimdgmrfkma im ipkds sudb fs sgtlgogm pftgrms,`urkfl prfdkdgs, ofgrkfl dulurg rgpgrikrgs, buofm oi`klky, fmhbg gxdbfmag i aiihs fmh khgfs. Durrgmly, gopbfsks ks lfkh flsi imbg strs gmdiumgrs `gwggm Fogrkmhkfms, Guripgfms fmh Frkdfms

km bg Dfrk``gfm rio 68;0 imwfrhs fmh bg kmgr-dulurfl hymfo-kds f plfy hurkma bg dilimkzfkim i bg kslfmhs. Xks fpprifdb go-pbfskzgs kmskabs rio hkgrgm hksdkplkmgs, kmdluhkma frdbfgiliay,frdbfgiogry, `kifrdbfgiliay, agidbgoksry, mgwirc sdkgmdg, bks-iry, fmh gbmiarfpby. Km bg sdipg i bks rgsgfrdb rgmh bgrg bfsflwfys `ggm srima rgffgdkim upim bg frdbfgiliay fmh bgrkfagprgsgrvfkim km bg Hudb Fmkgs wkbkm f lfragr Dfrk``gfm rfog

7. FPDBFGILIAKDFL TKXGT IM TF@F EPIO @GEIPG 68;0


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i rggrgmdg. Km 0>60 bg Tf`f Frdbfgiliakdfl Dgmgr (TF@FPD) wfsiumhgh wbkdb dimkmugs bg kmvgskafkim i bg kslfmhs prg-dili-

mkfl, ù irgois dilimkfl fmh rgdgm frdbfgiliay.

OFJIP FOGPKMHKFM TKXGT FMH XBGKP DBPIMILIA[

Xg stmh i iur sbg iils `y agiliakss Piiìl fmh Tokb km bg6;2>s fmh bg rgdgm gxdfvfkims i bg ^luo ^kgdg fmh Eir @fyskgs, km 0>>6-0>>5 fmh 0>68-0>67, dimstro bf Tf`f wfs strs kmbf`-kgh `y Fogrkmhkfms hurkma bg Frdbfkd Fag 42>> ygfrs fai. Qbgrgbgsg pgiplg dfog rio, ks sk fm ipgm qugskim. Qbklg k bfs fl-

wfys `ggm suaagsgh bf bg Fogrkmhkfm pgiplgs oivgh riobg Tiub Fogrkdfm dimkmgm kmi bg kslfmhs km f sgppkma-simgofmmgr, rgdgm rgsgfrdb suaagss bf bgy ofy bfvg rfvgghrio bg wgs, bus diokma rio ûgri Pkdi ir bg ibgr ArgfgrFmkgs. Ugry gw skgs rio bks pgrkih bfvg `ggm iumh siub iAufhgliupg fmh bg iilck fs wg fs bg plfm rgofkms iumh f^luo ^kgdg rfbgr pikm i f dimmgdkim wkb kslfmhs i bg mirb.Qbklg bg surriumhkma kslfmhs sudb fs T. Ofrkm bfvg gvkhgmdg i

gfrly Dgrfokd Fag iddupfkims wkb lfrag pgrofmgm vkfags fmhu `liwm birkdulurg friumh df. 0>> @D, Tf`f wfs kmbf`kgh irbg strs kog `y Dgrfokd Fag pgiplgs friumh FH 8>>. Xks ks gvk-hgmdgh `y stmhkmas f bg skgs i Tprkma @fy 6f, Qkmhwfrhskhg fmhCgl`gys Pkhag 6. Xg sylg i pitgry rio bks pgrkih ks dbfrfdgr-kzgh `y rfks i bg Dghrisfm Tflfhikh su`sgrkgs. Xg ofjir pgrk-ih i Tf`fs Fogrkmhkfm iddupfkim, biwgvgr, ks skufgh `gwggmFH 2>> fmh FH 60>>. Frdbfgiliakdfl skgs hfkma i bks pgrkih frgXg @itio, T. Jibms fmh Tprkma @fy 6`, 0 fmh 4. Xg pitgry riobgsg skgs `glimas i bg Ofoirfm riuofssikh su`sgrkgs. Xg lf-gs prg-dilimkfl iddupfkim i Tf`f ks dbfrfdgrkzgh `y bg skgs iTprkma @fy 6d fmh Cgl`gys Pkhag 0. @ib i bgsg skgs privkhgh gvk-hgmdg ir iddupfkim `gwggm FH 60>> fmh 687>, bus sbirly `girgbg Guripgfm dilimkzfkim i bg Dfrk``gfm kslfmhs. îtgry riobgsg skgs sbiws fffllkfkims i bg Dbkdfm Iskimikh su`sgrkgs i

bg Argfgr Fmkgs, ù flsi i bg Dfyi dioplgx i bg QkmhwfrhKslfmhs.

Gxplfkmkma

tbg ekmhkmas ft

^luo kgdg ti

vksktirs ie tbg

sktg km 0>>5.

Gxdfvftkims

ft luo kgdg,

0>>5.

Gxdfvftkim ft

Cgl`gys Pkhag

0, 0>>0.



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AWKHGH XIWP IE OFJIPFOGPKMHKFM TKXGT

^LWO ^KGDG

Xg skg i ^luo ^kgdg wfs hksdivgrgh `y Or. Dfrl Zfagrs fmhOr. Qk Jibmsim rio Tf`f wbi iumh sbg fmh simg iilswbkls dulkvfkma rii drips. i hfg ^luo ^kgdg ks bg ilhgscmiwm prgbksirkd skg i bg kslfmh. Xg skg ks skufgh km bgmirbwgsgrm pfr i Tf`f, f fm glgvfkim i fpprixkofgly8>> o fìvg ogfm sgf lgvgl. Xks ks f umkqug lidfkim fs ois

frdbfgiliakdfl skgs km bg Lgssgr Fmkgs frg i `g iumh mgfrbg difs, im `gfdbgs ir mgfr ofmarivg frgfs. Xg lidfkim i^luo ^kgdg ks fvirf`lg `gdfusg k ivgrliics bg dlks f Ofrysîkm fmh privkhgs f aiih vkgw i Qgs @fy fmh bg idgfm. Fsurvgy hurkma bg suoogr i 0>>6 dimstrogh bg prgsgmdg i fmFrdbfkd Fag iddupfkim f ^luo ^kgdg briuab bg rgdivgry imuogrius pkgdgs i ffkm fmh ariumh simg fmh sbg iils riobg skgs surfdg. Xg frgf i bg skg ks friumh 0>> o03 k bfs

Efumfl rgofkms

frg sirtgh eir

khgmtkekdftkim km tbg

lfìrftiry. ^luo

^kgdg gxdfvftkims

0>>6-0>>0.

Xbg hkrt ks skgvgh

tbriuab 6, 0 fmh

8 oo ogsbgs ti

dillgdt pittgry,

sbgll, dirfl,

stimg fmh efumfl

rgofkms.



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Or. Dfrl Zfagrs aukhkma bggfo flima bg Tfmhy Druz

rfkl i bg ^luo ^kgdg skg.



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`ggm prgsgrvgh, km pfr, hugi slipg wfsb divgrkma bg

frdbfgiliakdfl hgpisk(s). Fhgmsg okhhgm fmh f muo`gri sbfiw pisbilgs suaagskmgmskvg usg i bg frgf fs fdfopskg f lgfs fìu 42>>ygfrs fai. Gxdfvfkims wgrgdfrrkgh iu i i`fkm f `gtgrkmskab kmi bg srfkarfpby

i bg frdbfgiliakdfl hgpis-ks fs wg fs i digd f sfo-plg i dulurfl ofgrkfls fmhfumfl rgofkms. Xks fiwghagtkma f `gtgr umhgrsfmh-kma i bg umdkim i bgskg, ks spfkfl irafmkzfkimfmh bg prfdkdgs i bg pgi-

plg wbi iddupkgh bg skg fmhgxplikgh ks gmvkrimogm.Xg fumfl rgofkms wgrg dil-lgdgh i ag kmskab kmi bghkgfry prfdkdgs i Tf`fsFrdbfkd Fag hwggrs fmh iafbgr kmirofkim im bgkrdigdkma fmh bumkma gdb-mkqugs. Xg rgofkms kmhkdfgf bgfvy rglkfmdg im grrgsrkflrgsiurdgs, mif`ly bg `lfdcdrf` (Agdfrdkmus rurkdilf)fmh Fuhuìms sbgfrwfgrSûfflmus lbgrokmkgrk lbgrokm-kgrk_). Xg ofrkmg rgsiurdgs

fraggh kmdluhg pglfakd fmhrgg stsb (ofkmly ariupgrs,



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suragim stsb, smfppgrs, pfrri stsb, fmh arums). Oiuscs frgvkrufy f`sgm. Biwgvgr, dimdbs, rio wbkdb iils lkcg fhz-

gs, cmiwm rio bg skg, wgrg fsbkimgh, ofy bfvg bfh bgkrogf gxrfdgh hiwm f bg `gfdb i Qgs @fy km irhgr i sup-plgogm bg hkg. Xgrg ks flsi gvkhgmdg bf dulkvfgh riidrips, ruks fmh arfss sgghs wgrg pfr i bg hkgfry kmfcg.

Xg pkdurg bf gogrags rio bg gxdfvfkims f ^luo ^kgdgks bf i f dfopskg iddupkgh ir bg pgrirofmdg i spgdkstdfdkvkkgs, lkcg wiihwirckma ir bg ùklhkma i dfmigs hur-

kma bg sprkma sgfsim (Eg`rufry-July). Xks pgrkih dikmdkhgswkb bg mgskma sgfsim i Fuhuìms sbgfrwfgr fmh bfi bg spfwmkma i bg lfmhdrf`s. Xg iilck usgh i pridgssbks iih dioprksgs arkmhkma simgs, pgslgs, oirfrs, sbgiils, fmh fffcgh ffkm frkfds. Xg ffkm iils wgrg usgh ipridgss st`grs. Elkm wfs kopirgh rio Lima Kslfmh (isbirgFmkauf), wbkdb ks lidfgh 67> co i bg siubgfs i Tf`f. Xgflois ifl lfdc i dirgx im bg ffkm ofgrkfl kmhkdfgs bf

dirgs frrkvgh f bg skg km f prg-wircgh dimhkkim. Biwgvgr,

^lfm vkgw ie tbg

lfyiut ie tbg ^luo

^kgdg dfopsktgwktb f rgeusg

frgf (km irfmag)

fmh pistbilgs ti

tbg rkabt. Xbgsg

pistbilgs kmhkdftg

tbg rgofkms ie

sofll strudturgs

(pri`f`ly ofhg iewiih fmh lgfvgs)

eir rgskhgmtkfl

purpisgs. Km tbg

uppgr lget tbgrg

ks tbg arkmhkma

ìulhgr eir

sbfrpgmkma tbg

sbgll fhzgs.



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Gxdfvftkma

f trgmdb tbriuab

tbg rgeusg hgpisktft luo kgdg,

0>>6-0>>0.

Gxdfvftkma

pistbilgs

egfturgs ft luo

^kgdg km 0>>5.


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Gxdfvfkim f ^luo ^kgdg, 0>>6.


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Frdbkpglfakd rgsiurdg fmh ygfrly oi`klkty dydlg bypitbgskzgh eir tbg

^luo kgdg dfopsktg, flsi kmvilvkma tbg surriumhkma kslfmhs.


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bg sdfrdky i dirgs suaagss bf bgy wgrg rfmspirgh ur-bgr i gmf`lg iils i `g ofhg f ibgr lidfkims. F ibgr

simg iils wgrg ofhg rio ofgrkfls bf wgrg fvfklf`lg imTf`fs sbirgs, ù mi km bg surriumhkmas i bg skg. Xg skzg-f`lg muo`gr i ariumh simg iils suaagss bf plfms wgrgpridgssgh f bg skg, gkbgr ir dimsuopkim ir ir bg gx-rfdkim i st`grs ir bg ofmufdurg i `fscgs, ofs ir stsbwgkrs. Pgdgm okdri-ìfmkdfl fmflysks rgvgflgh sfrdb arfkmsfmh pbyilkbs im bg arkmhkma simgs fmh oulk-umdkimflpiumhkma fmh ru``kma iils rio ^luo ^kgdg. Xgy sbiw bg

pridgsskma i hiogskd plfms sudb fs ofkzg, swgg pififmh pri`f`ly fmmfti (@kxf irgfmf), iagbgr wkb bg pri-dgsskma fmh usg i wklh akmagr (Zkmak`grfdgfg), frriwrii fmhdflfbgf (Ofrfmfdgfg), fmh oiumfkm df``fag (^rgsigf oim-fmf). Img i bg iils ykglhgh gvkhgmdg i bg usg i ofrumaugy(Zfokfsp.). Xks plfm ks mi cmiwm i iddur mfurfy km bgLgssgr Fmkgs fmh ofy bfvg `ggm kopirgh rio bg ArgfgrFmkgs wbgrg k ks wkhgly hksrkùgh. Xks wiulh suaags bf

ofrumaugy fdqukrgh argf gdimiokd ir syoìlkd kopirfmdgskmdg gfrly kogs, `gkma hksrkùgh `gwggm bg kslfmhs fmhlkcgly dkrdulfkma briuab pfrkdulfr kmgrfdkim mgwircs kmwbkdb ibgr plfms fmh ofgrkfls, pgiplgs fmh khgfs wgrg flsioivkma.

XBG @IXXIO

Xg @itio wfs bg strs cmiwm frdbfgiliakdfl skg im Tf`f fsk wfs hksdivgrgh `y J. .@. hg Jissglkm hg Jima km 6;04. Xg skg kslidfgh km bg gfsgrm pfr i bg vkfag i Xg @itio, miwf-hfys bg dfpkfl i bg kslfmh i Tf`f. Xg @itio ks skufgh kmf ìwl-sbfpgh frgf, gmdlisgh `y Oium Tdgmgry fmh f dbfkm ilfvf hiogs f fm glgvfkim i 08> o fìvg sgf lgvgl. Xg @itiobfs aiih fddgss i sikls sukf`lg ir birkdulurg fs wg fs iripkdfl irgs rgsiurdgs. Ofrkmg rgsiurdgs frg lgss fddgssk`lg,

ù fvfklf`lg f Eir @fy. Km 6;04 Hg Jissglkm hg Jima gxdfvfghpfr i bg skg. Bg i`sgrvgh f skoplg suddgsskim i hgpisks km

Ukgw ie Xbg

@ittio.

Gxdfvftkims

km Xbg @ittio

km 6;22. Xbg

gxdfvftkimsumkts wgrg sgt

iut km dlisg

prixkokty ti tbg

lidftkim wbgrg

hg Jissglkm hg

Jima bfs `ggm

hkaakma km 6;04,

tbks ks ippisktgtbg Fmalkdfm

dburdb km tbg

afrhgm ie Ors.

Ailhf Tirtim.


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bg vgrkdfl driss sgdkim i bks strs gxdfvfkim umk. Fm umhks-ur`gh lfygr i fìu 4> do bkdc, rkdb km prgbksirkd rgofkms,

wfs iumh im ip i f sgrklg su`sikl u i ìulhgrs. Xg stmhskmdluhgh ofmy pitgry rfaogms fmh f oihgrfg qufmky isbg fmh ìmg rfaogms. Xg dulurfl lfygr wfs dfppgh `y flfygr i 8> i 7> do rkdb km sbg rfaogms fmh ofmy sofFogrkmhkfm fmh dilimkfl pitgry rfaogms. Km 6;22 bg gxdf-vfkims `y Lgkhgm Wmkvgrsky idusgh im bg sgdkim i bg skg,lidfgh ippiskg bg Fmalkdfm Dburdb, km bg afrhgm i bgpripgry i Ors. Ailhf Tirim. wi sof gs pks wgrg hua,

ykglhkma ofkmly pitgry, simg fmh sbg iils, fmh siog fumflrgofkms. Xg pitgry ks skoklfr i bf i siog i bg Tprkma@fy skgs fmh `glimas i bg Ofoirfm riuofssikh su`sgrkgs.K ks hgdirfgh wkb skoplg pfkmgh (wbkg im rgh) fmh `rifh-lkmg kmdksgh hgskams, fmh iegm sbiws f rgh dlfy slkp divgrkmabg surfdg. Dbfrfdgrkskd frg bg pglkdfm ìwls, wbgrg bgbgfh fmh wkmas i bg `krh frg fpplkgh `y oihglkma. Ugry sko-klfr ìwls frg cmiwm rio Fmaukf. Ois pfrs i bg skg i

Xg @itio bfvg `ggm hksdivgrgh hurkma dimsrudkim wircsfmh bg frdbfgiliakdfl hgpisks frg durrgmly ùrkgh umhgr bgdimgopirfry vkfag.

T^PKMA @F[

@gwggm 6;21 fmh 6;;0 Lgkhgm Wmkvgrsky dimhudgh survgysfmh gxdfv

9789088903595 - Hofman & Hoogland 2016 - Saba's First Inhabitants - eBook

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