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Self-Guided Demonstration

Option BHD 3GPP LTE Modulation Analysis

89600 Vector Signal Analysis Software

The 89600 VSA software shown in this document has been replaced by the

new 89600B VSA software, which enables more simultaneous views of virtually every

aspect of complex wireless signals. The instructions provided herein can be used with the 89600B;

however, some of the menu selections have changed. For more information, please reference the 89600B

software help:

Help > Getting Started (book) > Using the 89600B VSA User Interface (book) > VSA Application Window Illustration

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Table of Contents Technology OverviewLTE Overview ........................................................................................................................... 3

Transmission bandwidth .................................................................................................. 3

Transmission schemes ..................................................................................................... 3

Modulation and coding ..................................................................................................... 3

Physical Layer Channels ....................................................................................................... 4

Downlink physical layer channels and signals ............................................................ 4

Uplink physical layer channels and signals ................................................................. 5

Uplink and downlink physical resource ........................................................................ 5Duplexing Techniques ........................................................................................................... 7

Type 1 (FDD) mode ............................................................................................................. 7

FDD Downlink frame structure ................................................................................... 7

FDD Uplink frame structure ......................................................................................... 8

Type 2 (TDD) mode ............................................................................................................ 9

TDD frame structure: switch-point periodicity ...................................................... 9

TDD special subframe................................................................................................. 10

TDD detailed frame structure ...................................................................................11

Conclusion ...............................................................................................................................11

Self-Guided Demonstration

Measurement and Troubleshooting Sequence ............................................................. 12Setting up the demonstration ....................................................................................... 13

Spectrum and Time Domain Measurements ................................................................. 15

Using the spectrogram display .................................................................................... 15

Measuring occupied bandwidth and power .............................................................. 17

Basic Digital Demodulation................................................................................................ 19

LTE FDD downlink analysis ............................................................................................ 19

Navigating around the display ...................................................................................... 20

Frame Summary ................................................................................................................ 21

Constellation .....................................................................................................................22

Detected allocations........................................................................................................22

Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) .....................................................................................23

Error Summary table ........................................................................................................23

Selective channel analysis ............................................................................................. 24Resource block data traces ...........................................................................................25

LTE TDD analysis .............................................................................................................26

Advanced Digital Demodulation ....................................................................................... 27

Troubleshooting PBCH and PDDCH impairments .................................................... 28

Measured versus reference power levels .................................................................. 29

MIMO measurements and displays .............................................................................30

MIMO Info table ............................................................................................................... 31

MIMO Common Tracking Error trace ......................................................................... 31

MIMO channel frequency response ............................................................................32

MIMO channel frequency response, adjacent difference......................................32

MIMO condition number ................................................................................................33

Symbol table ......................................................................................................................33

LTE TDD MIMO .................................................................................................................34Conclusion ..............................................................................................................................34

Glossary ..................................................................................................................................35

Related Literature .................................................................................................................36

Web Resources .....................................................................................................................36

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Third-generation (3G) wireless systems, based on W-CDMA, are now being

deployed all over the world. W-CDMA maintains a mid-term competitive edge by

providing high speed packet access (HSPA) in both downlink and uplink modes.

To ensure the competitiveness of the 3G systems into the future, a long term

evolution (LTE) of the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) access technol-

ogy is being specified in Release 8 of the 3GPP standard. The LTE specification

provides a framework for increasing capacity, improving spectrum efficiency,

improving coverage, and reducing latency compared with current HSPA imple-

mentations. In addition, transmission with multiple input and multiple output(MIMO) antennas is supported for greater throughput, as well as enhanced

capacity or range. To support transmission in both the paired and unpaired spec-

trum, the LTE air interface supports both frequency division duplex (FDD) and

time division duplex (TDD) modes. The following section provides a high-level

description of the LTE physical layer.

LTE Overview

Transmission bandwidth

In order to address the international wireless market and regional spectrum regu-

lations, LTE includes varying channel bandwidths selectable from 1.4 to 20 MHz,

with sub-carrier spacing of 15 kHz. In the case of multimedia broadcast multicast

service (MBMS), a sub-carrier spacing of 7.5 kHz is also possible. Sub-carrier

spacing is constant regardless of channel bandwidth. To allow for operation indifferent sized spectrum allocations, the transmission bandwidth is altered by

varying the number of OFDM sub-carriers:

Table 1. Transmission bandwidth at varied numbers of OFDM subcarriers

Transmission schemes

The LTE downlink transmission scheme is based on orthogonal frequency divi-

sion multiplexing (OFDM). For the LTE uplink, single carrier frequency divisionmultiple access (SC-FDMA), also referred to as DFT-spread OFDM (DFTS-OFDM),

is used. The DL OFDM supports high data rates. The UL SC-FDMA has a lower

peak to average power ratio (PAPR) than OFDM which helps extend the battery

life of mobile LTE user equipment.

Modulation and coding

Just like high speed data packet access (HSDPA), LTE also uses adaptive modu-

lation and coding (AMC) to improve data throughput. This technique varies the

downlink modulation coding scheme based on the channel conditions for each

user. When the link quality is good, the LTE system can use a higher order modu-

lation scheme (more bits per symbol), which will result in more system capacity.

On the other hand, when link conditions are poor due to problems such as signal

fading, the LTE system can change to a lower modulation scheme to maintain an

acceptable radio link margin. The modulation schemes supported for payload in

the downlink and uplink are QPSK, 16QAM and 64Q AM.

For channel coding, both turbo coding and convolutional coding schemes are used.

Turbo coding with a coding rate of 1:3 is used for uplink and downlink transport

channels (TrCH). Convolutional coding is used for the uplink and downlink control

channels.

Transmission Bandwidth [MHz] 1.4 3 5 10 15 20

Number of sub-carriers 72 180 300 600 900 1200

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The LTE DL and UL are composed of two sets of physical layer channels: physi-

cal channels and physical signals. Physical channels carry information from

higher layers and are used to carry user data, as well as user control information.

Physical signals are used for system synchronization, cell identification and radio

channel estimation, but do not carry information originating from higher layers.

Downlink physical layer channels and signals

The DL physical channels are physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH), physi-cal downlink control channel (PDCCH), and Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH).

The DL physical signals are reference signal (RS) and synchronization signals.

Table 2, below, contains information on the modulation format and purpose for

each of the downlink channels and signals.

Table 2. LTE downlink channels and signals

DLchannels

Full nameModulationformat

Purpose

PBCH Physical Broadcast Channel QPSK Carries cell-specific information

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control Channel QPSK Scheduling, ACK/NACK

PDSCH Physical Downlink SharedChannel

QPSK16QAM64QAM

Payload

PMCH Physical Multicast ChannelQPSK16QAM64QAM

Payload for Multimedia BroadcastMulticast Service (MBMS)

PCFICHPhysical Control Format IndicatorChannel

QPSK

Carries information about the numberof OFDM symbols (1, 2, 3, or 4) usedfor transmission of PDCCHs in asub-frame.

PHICHPhysical Hybrid ARQ IndicatorChannel

BPSK modulatedon I and Q withthe spreadingfactor 2 or4 Walsh codes

Carries the hybrid-ARQ ACK/NAK

DLsignals

Full name Modulationsequence

Purpose

P-SS Primary Synchronization SignalOne of 3 Zadoff-Chu sequences

Used for cell search and identifica-tion by the UE. Carries part ofthe cell ID (one of 3 orthogonalsequences).

S-SS Secondary Synchronization SignalTwo 31-bit BPSKM-sequence

Used for cell search and identi-fication by the UE. Carries theremainder of the cell ID (one of168 binary sequences).

RS Reference Signal (Pilot)

Complex I+jQpseudo randomsequence(length-31 Goldsequence)derived from

cell ID

Used for DL channel estimation.Exact sequence derived fromcell ID, (one of 504).

Physical Layer Channels

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Uplink physical layer channels and signals

Uplink (UL) physical channels are Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH),

Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) and Physical Random Access Channel

(PRACH). Two types of uplink reference signals are supported: demodulation refer-

ence signal (DM-RS) which is associated with transmission of PUSCH or PUCCH

and sounding reference signal (S-RS) which is not associated with transmission of

PUSCH or PUCCH. Table 3, below, has information on the modulation format and

purpose for each of the uplink channels and signals.

Uplink and downlink physical resource

The smallest time-frequency unit for uplink and downlink transmission is called a

resource element. A resource element corresponds to one OFDM subcarrier dur-

ing one OFDM symbol interval. A group of contiguous sub-carriers and symbols

form a resource block (RB), as shown in Figure 1. Data is allocated to each user

in terms of RB.

Table 3. LTE uplink channels and signals

ULchannels

Full nameModulationformat

Purpose

PRACH Physical Random Access Channeluth rootZadoff-Chu

Call setup

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control Channel BPSK, QPSK Scheduling, ACK/NACK

PUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQPSK16QAM64QAM

Payload

ULsignals

Full nameModulationsequence

Purpose

DM-RS Demodulation Reference SignalBased onZadoff-Chu

Used for synchronization to the UEand UL channel estimation

S-RS Sounding Reference SignalBased onZadoff-Chu

Used to monitor propagationconditions with UE

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Figure 1. Downlink resource grid (Ref 3GPP TS 36.211 ).

For example, for an FDD frame structure using normal cyclic prefix (CP), an RB

spans 12 consecutive sub-carriers at a sub-carrier spacing of 15 kHz, and 7

consecutive symbols over a slot duration of 0.5 ms. Thus, an RB has 84 resource

elements (12 sub-carriers x 7 symbols) corresponding to one slot in time domain

and 180 kHz (12 sub-carriers x 15 kHz spacing) in the frequency domain. Even

though an RB is defined as 12 subcarriers during one 0.5 ms slot, scheduling

is carried out on a subframe, (1 ms) basis. Using normal CP, the minimum

allocation the base station uses for UE scheduling is 1 sub-frame (14 symbols)

by 12 sub-carriers. The size of an RB is the same for all bandwidths; therefore,

the number of available physical RBs depends on the transmission bandwidth,

as shown by Table 4, below.

Channel bandwidth [MHz] 1.4 3 5 10 15 20

Number of resource blocks 6 15 25 50 75 100

Number of sub-carriers 72 180 300 600 900 1200

Table 4. Number of resource blocks (RB) and subcarriers for the different uplink and downlink

transmission bandwidths

One downlink slot Tslot

Resource block

N x N resource elementsDL

symb

RB

SC

Resource element

N

x

N

subcarriers

DL

SC

RB

SC

N

subcarriers

RB

SC

N OFDM symbolsDL

symb

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Duplexing Techniques Two radio frame structures are defined in LTE: Type 1 frame structure, whichuses FDD duplexing, and a Type 2 frame structure, which uses TDD duplexing.

Although the two modes differ, the 3GPP committees exercised care to minimize

operational differences.

Type 1 (FDD) mode

The Type 1 (FDD) mode employs a different frame structure depending on

whether the transmission is downlink or uplink. For either link direction,however, a radio frame has a duration of 10 ms and consists of 20 slots, with

a slot duration of 0.5 ms. Two slots comprise a sub-frame. A sub-frame, also

known as the transmission time interval (TTI), has a duration of 1 ms.

Type 1 (FDD) downlink frame structure

Figure 2 shows a DL Type 1 FDD frame structure. As shown in the figure, the

physical mapping of the DL physical signals and channels for a Type 1 FDD framestructure are:

The reference signal (pilot) is transmitted at every 6th subcarrier of OFDMA

symbols 0 & 4 of every slot

PDCCH can be allocated to the first three symbols (four symbols when the

number of RB is equal to or less than 10)

P-SS is transmitted on 62 out of the 72 reserved sub-carriers centered around

the DC sub-carrier at OFDM symbol 6 of slots 0 and 10 of each radio frame

S-SS is transmitted on 62 out of the 72 reserved sub-carriers centered around

the DC sub-carrier at OFDM symbol 5 of slots 0 and 10 of each radio frame

PBCH is mapped to the first four symbols in slot #1 in the central 6 RB

(72 subcarriers). Excludes reference signal subcarriers.

PDSCH is transmitted on any assigned OFDMA subcarriers not occupied by

any of the above channels and signals

Figure 2. DL Type 1 FDD frame structure . For simplicity, the PHICH and PCFICH channels are not

shown.

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Type 1 (FDD) uplink frame structure

The uplink (UL) FDD frame structure is similar to downlink (DL) FDD frame

structure in terms of frame, sub-frame and slot length. An FDD UL slot structure

is shown in Figure 3, below.

The FDD UL demodulation reference signals, which are used for channel

estimation for coherent demodulation, are transmitted in the fourth symbol (ie.

symbol number 3) of every slot.

A mapping for PUCCH format 1a/1b is shown in Figure 4 below. Other PUCCH

formats exist that use the inner RB.

Figure 3. Mapping of PUSCH and demodulation reference signal for the PUSCH.

Figure 4. Example of PUCCH mapping and demodulation reference signal for PUCCH.

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Type 2 (TDD) mode

The LTE frame structure 2 (FS2) is defined as a TDD mode. While there are

significant differences between the TDD and FDD, care was taken so that there

are no operational differences between the two modes at higher layer or in the

system architecture. At the physical layer, the fundamental design goal was to

achieve as much commonality between the two modes as possible.

TDD frame structure: switch-point periodicityUnlike the FDD mode, there is no separate UL/DL frame structure. Instead, there

are two supported switch-point periodicities where the transmission switches

between DL and UL, 5 ms and 10 ms, each with an overall length of 10 ms and

divided into 10 subframes. The TDD frame structure is shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5. Type 2 TDD frame structure for 5 ms switch-point periodicity (top) and 10 ms periodicity

(bottom). Note the difference in subframe 6.

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TDD special subframe

For the 5 ms switch-point periodicity radio frame, subframe 6 is a special

subframe, identical to subframe 1. For the 10 ms switch-point periodicity

radio frame, subframe 6 is a regular downlink subframe. Table 5 illustrates the

possible UL/DL allocations which have been specified in the 3GPP standard for

Type 2 TDD mode for both 5 ms and 10 ms periodicities.

As shown in Figure 5, the special subframe consists of the following fields:

Downlink Pilot Timeslot ( DwPTS),Guard Period (GP), and Uplink Pilot Timeslot

(UpPTS). The total length of these fields is 1 ms. However, within the special

subframe the length of each field may vary depending on co-existence

requirements with legacy TDD systems and supported cell size. Table 6 provides

the supported special configurations which are also specified in 3GPP.

Table 5. Uplink-downlink configurations (36.211 Table 4.2.2)

Table 6. Configuration of special subframe length (by Ts unit)

Uplink-downlink

configuration

Downlink-to-uplink

switch-point periodicity

Subframe number

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

0 5 ms D S U U U D S U U U

1 5 ms D S U U D D S U U D

2 5 ms D S U D D D S U D D

3 10 ms D S U U U D D D D D

4 10 ms D S U U D D D D D D

5 10 ms D S U D D D D D D D

6 5 ms D S U U U D S U U D

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TDD detailed frame structure

Figure 6 shows a detailed physical layer definition of a TDD frame for 5 ms

downlink-to-uplink switch-point periodicity. Unlike the FDD frame structure,

where the primary and secondary synchronization signals are contiguously

placed within one subframe, for TDD the two signals are placed in different

subframes and separated by two OFDM symbols.

Again, this frame structure is designed for maximum commonality with the FDD

mode at the physical layer.

The 3GPP LTE standard provides exciting new capability for wireless users, with

an accompanying complexity of signal structure. The 89600 VSA software will

allow you to examine that complexity with powerful troubleshooting tools. The

examples to follow will use both TDD and FDD signals for different parts of the

demonstration guide. However, thanks to their similarity at the PHY layer, you

will be able to apply almost all of the same measurement techniques to eithermode.

Figure 6. FS2 (TDD) frame structure with 5 ms switch-point periodicity. Note the location of theprimary synchronization (P-SS) and secondary synchronization (S-SS) signals.

Conclusion

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Setting up the demonstration

Table 7 describes the minimum hardware required to run the 89600 VSA software.

Table 8 describes the 89600 VSA software required to use this demonstration

guide. If you do not already have a copy of the software, you can download

a free trial version at www.agilent.com/find/89600.

Table 7. System requirements

CharacteristicMicrosoft Windows

XP Professional

Microsoft Windows Vista Business,

Enterprise, or Ultimate

CPU

600 MHz Pentium or AMD-K6

> 600 MHz (> 2 GHz recommended)

1 GHz 32-bit (x86)

(> 2 GHz recommended)

RAM 512 MB (1 GB recommended) 1 GB (2 GB recommended)

Video RAM 4 MB (16 MB recommended) 128 MB (512 MB recommended)

Hard disk 1 GB available 1 GB available

Additional

drives

CD-ROM to load the software;

license transfer requires a 3.5 inch floppy

disk drive, network access,

or USB memory stick

CD-ROM to load the software;

license transfer requires network access,

or a USB memory stick

Interface

support2

LAN, GPIB, USB, or FireWire1 interface

(VXI HW only)

LAN, GPIB, USB, or FireWire1 interface

(VXI HW only)

Table 8. Software requirements

Version 89600 version 11.00 or higher (89601A, 89601AN, 89601N12)

Options

-200

-300

-BHD

-BHE

(89601A, 89601AN only)

Basic vector signal analysis

Hardware connectivity (required only if using measurement hardware)

LTE FDD modulation analysis

LTE TDD modulation analysis

1. For a list of supported IEEE-1394 (FireWire) interfaces, visit www.agilent.co m/find /89600 and search the FAQ's for

information on "What type of IEEE-1394 interface can I use in my computer to connect to the 89600S VXI hardware?"

2. No interfaces or hardware required to follow the demonstration steps listed in this guide.

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This is a 60 msec recording of a downlink TDD signal. You can use the controls

of the player just as you would other players. Your display should look similar to

Figure 7.

Figure 7. Time and frequency display of 5 MHz TDD downlink signal.

Note: This first figure includes

the menu toolbar and status

bar on the top and bottom of

the window, respectively. In

the interest of displaying asmuch information as possible,

the remaining figures will not

display them. You can toggle

them on/off by clicking Display

> Appearance > Window

Table 9. Recall the demonstration signal

Instructions: 89600 VSA software Toolbar menus

Preset the software

File > Preset > Preset All

Note: Using Preset Allwill cause all saved user stateinformation to be lost. If this is a concern, save the currentstate before using Preset All.

Click File > Save > Setup

Note: The Menu/Toolbars, Display Appearance, andUser Color Mapmay also be saved in a similar way.

Recall the demonstration signal. This is a 10 ms

switch point periodicity LTE TDD downlink signal

with 5 MHz bandwidth.

File > Recall > Recall Recording > LTE > LTE_

TDD_DL_5MHz_v860.sdf

(Default directory is C:\Program Files\Agilent\

89600 VSA\Help\Signals)

Click Open

Start playback of the recording Press (toolbar, left)

Auto scale both traces. Note that you need to

make sure to do this when the signal is turned on.

Right click in Trace A. Then select Y Auto Scale.

Right click in Trace B. Then select Y Auto Scale.

Turn on the signal player Control > Player

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The first step in the troubleshooting process is to set up the signal measurement

parameters, such as range and scaling, and verify its spectral and time domain

behavior before demodulation takes place.

Using the spectrogram display

First, lets take a look at the overall characteristics. Well use the spectrogram

capability to see how the signal changes over time and frequency. In addition,

you will get a chance to see how overlap processing works.

The spectrogram is a three-dimensional display that shows the changes in signal

spectrum over time. It is particularly useful when analyzing time-varying signals.

Features of signal transients, OFDM signal structure, and spectral splatter can

all be identified with this display.

Using overlap processing improves its usefulness further. Overlap processing

causes the analyzer to adjust the amount of new data it uses for each time

record, and has the effect of causing the signal to replay in "slow motion." It is

particularly useful for locating and examining transients.

You can find out more about overlap processing by pressing Help > Contents > andthen typing overlap processing in the search block. Since this is a 60 msec recording,

we should be able to analyze multiple frames. However, overlap processing

extends the length of time a signal takes to display in a spectrogram. So, in the

steps that follow, well have to turn off overlap processing in order to see the full

2-frame, 20 msec behavior.

Spectrum and time domain measurmentsGet basics right, find major problems

Basic digital demodulation

Signal quality numbers, constellation, basic error vector measurement

Advanced digital demodulationFind specific problems and causes

Spectrum and TimeDomain Measurements

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While we were able to measure the approximate occupied bandwidth using

the spectrogram markers, you can make more precise measurements using the

89600 VSAs OBW markers and band power markers.

Measuring occupied bandwidth and band power

Table 11. Using OBW markers


Change to 2-grid display Display > Layout > Stacked 2

Turn off spectrogram markers Right click in Trace A and de-select Show Marker

Turn off the spectrogram display format Right click in Trace A and de-select Show Spectrogram

Turn on OBW marker Right click in Trace A and Select Show OBW

Turn on OBW marker table

(Note: you may want to start and then

pause the recording to get valid data)

Your display should look similar to Figure 9.

Double click on Trace B title (B: Ch1 Main Time).

From the drop down menu which appears, select

Marker (left column) > Obw Summary TrcA

(right column)

Figure 9. Turning on the OBW trace provides basic information in the trace status bar at the

bottom of the display. By activating the Marker OBW summary trace in Trace B, more detailed

information is available.

Table 12. Clear OBW measurement


Clear OBW display

Double click the Trace B title (B: TrcA OBW Summary Data)

Select Channel 1 from the Type menu on the left-hand column

of the drop down menu.

Select Main Time from theDatamenu on the right-hand column of the

menu.

Click OK

Right-click Trace A

De-select Show OBW

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The band power marker feature measures the power of the modulated signal,

or channel power, by integrating over a specified bandwidth in the frequency

domain.

Table 13. Setting up band power marker


Select the band power marker tool

Click Markers > Tools > Band Power

(Or, alternatively, you can click the band power marker button

on the menu toolbar)

Drop the band power marker on

Trace A

On Trace A, move the mouse to the center frequency of the band

to be measured.

Click to drop the marker.

Expand the band power marker

Place the mouse pointer on the vertical band power marker and

left click to drag/expand the marker so it includes the entire

bandwidth.

Note: You may need to adjust the center of the band power

marker by dragging it with the mouse.

The band power should be displayed at the bottom of the window. This is the

total power inside the bandwidth of the band power marker. You can expand or

shrink the width of the marker to measure the power over specific frequencies.

You can control the band power marker more precisely by opening the MarkersProperties window. Click Markers > Calculation to access user-settable text

boxes for setting the center and width of the band power marker.

Figure 10. Band power display.

Note that the band power markers will do more than just band power. They

are, in essence, integrating band markers. So, for instance, they will integrate

EVM between 2 points, if they are used on an EVM spectrum error trace, or

calculate total EVM for a range of RB, if used on an RB EVM error trace.

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Basic DigitalDemodulation





Once you have examined your signal and verified that there are no major spectral

or time problems, the next step is to demodulate it. We'll set up a constellation

display and measure basic I/Q parameters using the LTE demodulator as shown

in Table 14. This time we will recall a recording of an LTE FDD format signal.

Remember, though, that the measurements and displays you will see will apply to

LTE TDD signals as well.

LTE FDD downlink analysis


Table 14. Recall demo signal package


Preset the software. In general, this is

a good thing to do prior to beginning

measurements with a new modulation

format.


Note: Using Preset Allwill cause all saved user state information

to be lost. If this is a concern, save the current state before using

Preset All.


Note: The Menu/Toolbars, Display Appearance, andUser

Color Mapmay also be saved in a similar way.

Recall demo signal package for LTEFDD downlink signal. Using this feature

will recall the selected signal, with its

pre-defined setup file. In addition it will

open your browser to display an html

format file which will have additional

information on the signal. You can

read this information or just close the

browser window.

File > Recall > Recall Demo > LTE > LTE_FDD_DL_5MHz_v860.htm

(Default directory is C:\Program Files\Agilent\89600 VSA\

Help\Signals)

Click Open

Start the signal. Once it has populated

the display, pause the signal. LTE

demodulation is a resource-intensive

measurement, and pausing it will let us

make changes to the display faster.

Press Start (toolbar, left)

Once all displays are painted, pause the analysis by pressing the

pause/restart key (toolbar, left)

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Figure 13. Control the display layout of your measurements using the menu toolbar or the quick-

select button located just below the toolbar.

To change the layout of the displays, go to the menu toolbar and click on Display

> Layout > You can choose to display 1, 2, 3, 4, or 6 traces, in either stacked

or grid format. Alternatively, you can click on the display layout quick-select

button, located just below the menu toolbar. See Figure 13 for an example of

both methods.

Frame Summary

Lets take a look at each display. First, lets start with Trace F, the Frame

Summary (see Figure 14). This trace is a table of all detected signals and chan-

nels. Important overall information is provided: error (EVM), power, modulation

format, and number of resource blocks detected. Note that each channel and

signal has a unique color. This same color will be used throughout the other

displays, whenever channel or signal type is available or important. Thus, the

Frame Summary serves as a first-level troubleshooting tool, as well as a legendfor the other traces.

Figure 14. The Frame Summary display provides a quick overview of the entire frame structure.

It also serves as the color-code legend for the other traces.

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Figure 15. Detail in the constellation display can be seen when you use the Select Area marker

to scale and expand the X and Y axis.

Constellation

Trace A shows a constellation. The colors in this constellation match the colors

in the Frame Summary. You can see that some dots in the constellation appear

to have multiple colors. You can use the 89600 VSAs Select Area marker to

expand the X and Y axis to gain further resolution. See Figure 15 as an example.

The Select Area marker is highlighted with a red box.

Figure 16. The Detected Allocation Time trace

provides detailed visual information about your

signal structure.

Detected allocations

Trace B is the Detected Allocations Time trace for Layer 0. See Figure 16. This

signal is not MIMO, so only results for Layer 0 are available. This trace is also a

good way to get an overall view of your signal. It shows the subcarriers versus

symbols, color-coded to show what signals and channels are occupying the

symbols and subcarriers. Again, if you want greater detail, use the Select Area

marker to expand the X and Y axis scaling. Use this trace to confirm your signal

structure.

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Error Vector Magnitude (EVM)

Traces C and E plot the EVM versus frequency (sub-carrier) or time (symbol).

The average error value for a given sub-carrier or symbol is shown in white. The

89600 VSA provides you with some useful tools for tracking errors, including

marker-coupling. Marker coupling allows you to look at an error or item of

interest, and see what it looks like in the other domains. To see how marker

coupling works, follow the steps in Table 15.


Figure 17. Marker coupling allows you to track errors between traces. Note that the

marker readout area (bottom of display) verifies that the marker is indicating the

same point in all traces.

Error Summary table

Trace D shows the Error Summary table. See Figure 18. This table provides

parametric data for the signal, including EVM, frequency errors, power, and

IQ errors. This table also shows the cyclic prefix length mode, the cell ID, and

whether the VSA is set up for the resource signal pseudo random sequence to

be custom or standard (3GPP).

Table 15. Marker coupling


Turn markers ON in Traces A, B, C, ERight-click in Trace A and select Show Marker.

Do the same for Traces B, C, and E.

Couple markers. As you activate a marker

in one trace, youll be able to see where

that data point is in another trace.

Click in any trace (A, B, C, or E). This activates the trace.

On the menu toolbar, click Markers > Couple Markers.

In the EVM Time Trace E, place a

marker on a peak. This will put the mark-

er to the symbol with the highest EVM.

Right click on Trace E and select Peak.

Note: the location of the marker in Traces A, B, C. (It may be

at the extreme beginning of the EVM spectrumandDetected

Allocations Trace.)

Choose another peak. Note howthe marker location in all the other

traces moved as well. Often you can see

similarities with other error peaks, which

might indicate a problem. In this case,

for example, most of the higher peaks

appear to be associated with the first or

last carriers. The higher EVM here could

be associated with filter cut-off problems.

On the display, choose another high peak. Or, you can use the

marker search function.

Click Markers > Search > Peak Right (or Peak Left)

Figure 18. The Error Summary Table provides important information

about the overall signal quality. Note that the peak EVM value was

detected at subcarrier 150, as discovered in the previous section.

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24

Table 16. Selective channel analysis


Turn markers OFF in Traces A, B, C, E Right-click in Trace A and de-select Show Marker. Do the samefor Traces B, C, and E.

Exclude control channels and signals

from the analysis results

Your results should look similar to Figure 19.

By selecting and de-selecting channels,

you can focus your analysis and trou-

bleshooting on one area at a time.

Click MeasSetup > Demod Properties > Profile (tab)

Un-check P-SS, S-SS, PBCH, PCFICH, PHICH, PDCCH, and RS

Click Close

Re-select all the channels and signals

before continuing

Click MeasSetup > Demod Properties > Profile (tab)

Select Incl. All

Click Close

Selective channel analysis

The analysis software allows users to make EVM measurement on selected

channels only. Let's set up the analyzer to measure EVM for the data

channels, but not for control channels and signals.

Figure 19. Using the VSAs channel select capability, you can investigate the behavior of

each class of channel and signal, independently.

Its important to note that, although we may have de-selected certain

channels or signals, the Frame Summary Table will continue to display

information for all available channels and signals.

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25

Resource block data traces

The information shown in the previous section reflects the default trace data selec-

tions. But for LTE, there is another important view of your signal: by resource block

(RB). The 89600 VSA has four views of RB performance: EVM by RB, EVM by slot,

power per RB, and power per slot. Lets take a look at these, as well as the Symbol

Table, by following the instructions in Table 17.

Table 17. Display RB traces plus Symbol Table


Change Trace A to display EVM by RB

for each time slot

The EVM for each time slot is shown,

along with an average line (shown in

orange on this display)

Select Trace A by clicking anywhere in it.

Double click on the Trace A title (currently A: Layer 0 OFDM

Meas).

From the left hand column, select Layer 0. From the right hand

column select RB Error Mag Spectrum.

Right click in the trace then select Y Auto Scale.

ChangeTrace B to display power in each RB

for all time slots. The power for each time slot

is shown, along with average power.

Double click on the Trace B title. From the left hand column, select

Layer 0. From the right hand column select RB Power Spectrum.


Change Trace C to display EVM per time

slot, for all RB. The average EVM value

across all RB is also shown.

Double click on the Trace C title. From the left hand column, select

Layer 0. From the right hand column select RB Error Mag Time.


Change Trace D to display power in

each RB, across all time slots

Double click on the Trace D title. From the left hand column, select

Layer 0. From the right hand column select RB Power Time.


Change Trace E to display the Symbol TableDouble click on the Trace E title. From the left hand column, select

Layer 0. From the right hand column select Symbol Table.


Figure 20. Error and power data by RB or slot. Note that an RB may contain channel and signal

data, so no color coding is used. In contrast, the Symbols Table uses the same color-coding given

in the Frame Summary.

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26

LTE TDD analysis

Although this section used an LTE FDD signal, you can make the same measurements

using an LTE TDD signal. Table 18 shows you how to recall an LTE TDD recording.

With that, you can perform all of the measurement steps shown in this section.

When you are finished, your display should look similar to Figure 21.

Figure 21. The LTE TDD demo signal shows obvious differences from the LTE FDD demo signal used in

the previous section. However, all the same tools are available here as well.

Table 18. Recalling an LTE TDD recording


Preset the software. In general, this is

a good thing to do prior to beginning

measurements with a new modulation

format.


Note: Using Preset Allwill cause all saved user state information

to be lost. If this is a concern, save the current state before using

Preset All.




Recall demo signal package for LTE

TDD downlink signal. Using this feature

will recall the selected signal, with its

pre-defined setup file. In addition it will

open your browser to display an html

format file which will have additional

information on the signal. You can

read this information or just close the

browser window.

File > Recall > Recall Demo > LTE > LTE_TDD_

DL_5MHz_v860.htm


Help\Signals)

Click Open

Start the signal. Once it has populated

the display, pause the signal. This is

because the LTE demodulation is a

resource-intensive measurement, and

pausing it will let us make changes to

the display faster.

Start (toolbar, left)



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27

Advanced DigitalDemodulation





Advanced demodulation techniques allow you to focus in on signal errors, or set

up the analyzer so that more detailed troubleshooting is possible. Next, well begin

analyzing a 5 MHz LTE FDD DL 4x4 MIMO signal with impairments. It is centered at

1 GHz. In the signal the PBCH power is 2 dB high and the PDCCH channel power is

1 dB high. This signal includes direct MIMO paths only; there are no cross-channel

paths.

Table 19. Recall impaired LTE FDD DL 4x4 MIMO signal


Preset the software. In general, this is a

good thing to do prior to beginning mea-

surements with a new modulation format.


Note: Using Preset Allwill cause all saved user state information to be

lost. If this is a concern, save the current state before using Preset All.




Before starting the measurement, we

must enable 4x4 analysis. To do this, we

must set up the hardware to simulate an

Agilent 4-channel Infiniium scope.

In the toolbar: Utilities > Hardware > ADC1(tab) > scroll down and

check SIM::Infiniium. Select any tab with a red check and uncheck all

checked boxes.

Press OKIn the toolbar press: Input > Channels > 4 Channels

Recall the demo signal package for the

LTE FDD 4x4 MIMO downlink signal.

File > Recall > Recall Demo > LTE> LTE_FDD_

DL_5MHz_4x4_v860.htm


Help\Signals)

Click Open

Start the signal playback. Once it has

populated the display, pause the signal.

Press Start (toolbar, left)



The measurement set-up file sets all of

the parameters for measuring the modu-lation on the signal. You can change

most parameters. Adjustment of some

parameters is limited by the length of

the recording or the capabilities of the

platform use to record the signal. To see

what these modulation parameters are,

check the Demod Properties tab.

MeasSetup > Demod Properties > Format (tab)

Note: Click the Helpbutton (lower right of the menu) for an

explanation of the controls.

Auto scale Traces C and ERight click on Trace C and select Y Auto Scale. Repeat for Trace E.

The display should look similar to Figure 22.Figure 22. LTE FDD DL 4x4 MIMO with impairments.

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28

Troubleshooting PBCH and PDDCH impairments

In examining Traces C and E, it is obvious that something is wrong with the PBCH

and PDDCH channels. We can tell this by noticing that two colors, yellow and

bright green are in the EVM traces, elevated and if we put a marker on those

colors we can read their titles and values. The channel's EVM and power can be

seen in Trace F, Frame Summary.

To begin the troubleshooting process, we will isolate the problem channels in

order to analyze them in detail.

The reference IQ trace is developed by the VSA software based on the modulation

format, control channel parameters, LTE allocations, and other parameters set by

the user or read in from an Agilent Signal Studio setup file. For more information,

see Help > Contents>Index (tab). Type IQ Ref in the search window, and

select IQ Ref (LTE) as your desired topic.

Your display should look similar to Figure 23. Note that in Trace A, both the

PDCCH (yellow) and PBCH channels (green) are outside the reference target, the

PBCH more so than the PDCCH. This indicates that both channels are higher in

amplitude than expected.

Figure 23. The reference Trace (B, lower), indicates what the constellation would be like if the

data were perfect. The measured Trace (A, upper), indicates what was actually measured and

clearly shows a problem.

Table 20. Troubleshooting PBCH and PDDCH channels step 1: isolate channels


Isolate the PBCH and PDDCH channels

for further analysis.

MeasSetup> Demod Properties > Profile(tab) > Excl. All

Check PBCH and PDCCH in the window

ChangeTrace B to display the reference sig-

nal. This signal represents the ideal locations

of the signal.

Double-click on the Trace B title, and select Layer 0 from the left

hand column, and IQ Ref from the right hand column

Change display format to stacked two Display > Layout > Stacked 2

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Measured versus reference power levels

Now that we have isolated the channels with problems, lets check out the

power levels of the signals, both what should exist (reference IQ power), and

what was actually measured (measured IQ power).

Table 21. Troubleshooting PBCH and PDDCH channels step 2: measured power vs. reference power


Change Trace A to show the measured

power versus time

Double click on Trace A Y-axis title (Const)

Choose Log Mag (db)

Right click in the trace and press Y auto scale

Change Trace B to show the reference

power versus time

Double click on Trace B Y-axis title (Const)

Choose Log Mag (db)

Right click in the trace and press Y auto scale

To simplify the display, turn off the average

line in both traces

Click in Trace A to select it

In the toolbar, press Trace > Digital Demod

In the menu, de-select Show 2D Avg Line (bottom right corner

of dialog box)

Click in Trace B to select it, then repeat above step to remove

the average line

You may need to auto scale the traces again

Display the expected reference power

level and the measured power level, in

order to compare them

When you are done, your display

should look similar to Figure 24.

Click in Trace A to select it

Click on the marker pointer in the toolbar

Place the cursor on a PBCH (green) channel. The information on

the selected point is displayed in the marker status bar at the bot-

tom of the screen.

Repeat for Trace B

Figure 24. Power per carrier for PBCH. Both the measured (Trace A) and expected reference

power (Trace B) are shown. Marker values are shown in the marker annotation area at the bottom

of the window.

The reference power level for PBCH is 0 dB, as shown by the Trace B marker at

the bottom of the display. The actual power level is 2 dB, as noted by the Trace

A marker. You can repeat the steps, beginning with the last step in Table 20 but

this time placing the markers on a PDCCH channel (yellow). If you do this, you

will note that actual power is 1 dB high.

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MIMO measurements and displays

The 89600 VSA software lets you make a wide range of measurements to help

you understand the behavior of your MIMO system. Lets take a look at some of

them.

Table 22. Display MIMO-specific traces and tables


We have made alot of changes to the

measurement set-up, so lets recall the

signal as we did in the beginning, so that

we are at known starting place

File > Recall > Recall Demo > LTE> LTE_FDD_DL_5MHz_4x4_Impair_v860.htm

(Default directory is C:\Program Files\Agilent\89600

VSA\Help\Signals)

Click Open

Start the signal. Once it has populated the

display, pause the signal.

Press (toolbar, upper left)

Once all displays are painted, pause the analysis by pressing

the pause/restart key (toolbar, upper left)

ChangeTrace A to display MIMO info table

Click anywhere in Trace A to activate it

Double-click on the Trace A title

Select MIMO from the left hand column, and Info Table fromthe right hand column

Change Trace B to display MIMO common

tracking error

Click anywhere in Trace B to activate it

Double-click on the Trace B title

Select MIMO from the left hand column, and Common

Tracking Error from the right hand column

Right-click in the trace and select Y auto scale

Change Trace C to display MIMO channel

frequency response

Click anywhere in Trace C to activate it

Double-click on the Trace C title

Select MIMO from the left hand column, and Eq Chan Freq

Resp from the right hand column


Change Trace D to display MIMO channel

frequency response adjacent difference trace

Click anywhere in Trace D to activate it

Double-click on the Trace D title

Select MIMO from the left hand column, and Eq Chan Freq

RespAdj Diff from the right hand column


Change Trace E to display MIMO condition

number

Click anywhere in Trace E to activate it

Double-click on the Trace E title

Select MIMO from the left hand column, and Eq Cond

Number from the right hand column


Change Trace F to display Layer 1

Symbol Table

Click anywhere in Trace F to activate it

Double-click on the Trace F title

Select Layer 1 from the left hand column, and Symbol Table

from the right hand column

Lets take a look at each trace individually. For complete information, see the

Help text.

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MIMO channel frequency response

Trace C, Figure 27, shows the frequency response for all Tx/Rx paths simultaneously.

Each individual trace is computed using the reference signal of the selected

Tx Antenna port. The color-coding maps to the same color-coding used in the

MIMO Info table of Trace A.

Figure 27. Equalizer frequency response traces for all active transmission paths.

MIMO channel frequency response, adjacent difference

The MIMO Eq Chan Freq Resp Diff Trace, Figure 28, shows the channel

response's rate of change with respect to frequency, for each transmission path,

and is computed by subtracting the channel frequency response from a shifted

version of itself (by one subcarrier).

This trace can be used to find the source of a spur or other problem in a signal

that causes high EVM. See the Help text for more information. The color-coding

is again the same as the MIMO Info table.

Figure 28. This trace shows the rate of change for the equalizer frequency response. It can help

distinguish between channel-caused and signal-caused errors.

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MIMO condition number

Trace E shows the MIMO condition number by subcarrier. See Figure 29.

Condition number is a standard measure of how ill-conditioned the MIMO matrix is.

If the condition number is larger than the SNR of the signal, it is likely that

separation of the multiple MIMO transmission paths will not work correctly and

so proper de-coding will not occur.

Figure 29. The equalizer condition number can provide a value of the overall quality of the MIMO

signal.

Symbol table

The Symbol table shows the data transmitted in the MIMO layer selected by the

user. To change the layer data displayed, double-click the trace title and select a

different layer. The color-coding used here matches the Frame Summary table.

Figure 30. Symbol Table for Layer 1. Symbols for the other layers are available as well. The color-

coding matches that of the Frame Summary Table.

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LTE TDD MIMO

Just as a reminder, although the demo signal shown here is FDD, you can also

make the same measurements on an LTE TDD MIMO signal. Included in the LTE

demo signal directory is a 4x2 MIMO example. Press File > Recall Demo > LTE

> LTE_TDD_DL_5MHz_4x2_WithChannel_v860.htm to access it.

The 3GPP LTE standard is a powerful standard which has undergone major

development to provide extensive capabilities to end users. The 89600 VSA

software is designed to provide flexible displays and powerful control of the

measurement parameters in order to dig deep into the signal to troubleshoot it.

Option BHD provides LTE FDD modulation analysis, while Option BHE provides

LTE TDD analysis. Both options are capable of analyzing uplink, downlink, and

2x2, 4x2, and 4x4 MIMO systems. With a careful understanding of how LTE

signals work, you can use the 89600 VSA to uncover virtually all aspects of your

physical layer signal and any problems therein.

Conclusion

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Glossary 3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project3G 3rd Generation

AMC Adaptive Modulation and Coding

ACK Acknowledgement

CAZAC Constant Amplitude Zero Auto Correlation

CCDF Complementary Cumulative Distribution Function

CP Cyclic Prefix

DL Downlink (base station to subscriber transmission)

DM RS Demodulation Reference SignalDFTS-OFDM Discrete Fourier Transform Spread - Orthogonal

Frequency Division Multiplexing

DwPTS Downlink Pilot Timeslot

EVM Error Vector Magnitude

FDD Frequency Division Duplex

GP Guard Period

HSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet Access

HSPA High Speed Packet Access

LTE Long Term Evolution

MBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service

MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output

NACK Negative Acknowledgement

OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexingOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access

OS Orthogonal Sequence

PAPR Peak-to-Average Power Ratio

PBCH Physical Broadcast Channel

PCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator Channel

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control Channel

PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel

PHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel

PMCH Physical Multicast Channel

PRACH Physical Random Access Channel

PRS Pseudo Random Sequence

P-SS Primary - Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel

QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

RB Resource Block

RS Reference Signal (pilot)

SC-FDMA Single Carrier - Frequency Division Multiple Access

S-RS Sounding Reference Signal

S-SS Secondary - Synchronization Signal

TDD Time Division Duplex

TrCH Transport Channel

TTI Transmission Time Interval

UpPTS Uplink Pilot Timeslot

UL Uplink (Subscriber to base station transmission)

W-CDMA Wideband - Code Division Multiple Access

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Related Literature

Web Resourses

89600 Series Vector Signal Analysis Software,

Technical Overview, 5989-1679EN

89600 Series Vector Signal Analysis 89601A/89601AN/89601N12 Software,

Data Sheet, 5989-1786EN

89600 Vector Signal Analysis demo software,

CD, 5980-1989E

Understanding the Intricacies of LTE, LTE poster, 5989-7646EN

Move Forward to What's Possible in LTE,

Agilent's LTE Solutions Guide, 5989-7817EN

Hardware Measurement Platforms for the Agilent 89600 Series Vector Signal

Analysis Software, Data Sheet, 5989-1753EN

89600S Series VXI-based Vector Signal Analyzers,

Configuration Guide, 5968-9350E

3GPP Long Term Evolution: System Overview, Product Development, and Test

Challenges, 5989-8139EN

Agilent Infiniium Oscilloscopes Performance Guide Using 89600 Vector Signal

Analyzer Software, 5988-4096EN

For additional information, visit:

www.agilent.com/find/89600

www.agilent.com/find/LTE

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