1 Zoo Noses Intro Dunne

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    EpidemiologyEpidemiologyand Control ofand Control of

    ZoonoticZoonoticInfectionsInfections

    Center for Infectious Disease Preparedness

    University of California, Berkeley

    Spring 2005, Tuesdays 10:30am-12pm

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    InstructorsInstructors

    Ben Sun, DVM, MPVM

    [email protected]

    Gundula Dunne, DVM, MPVM

    [email protected]

    Guest LecturesJason Stull, DVM, MPVM

    Anne Kjemtrup, DVM, MPVM

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    GoalsGoals

    Importance of Zoonoses in

    Public Health

    Ecology and Natural History

    Prevention and Control

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    OrganizationOrganization

    8 Weeks

    Presentation Lecture Questions

    Disease Coverage

    Multiple per lecture Examples

    Focus on animal aspects

    See references for additional reading

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    RequirementsRequirements

    Weekly reading

    Case Report

    Paper

    Oral Presentation

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    Oral PresentationOral Presentation

    Given at beginning of class

    Relevant to the lecture

    10-15 minutes

    Identify disease

    Background

    Case Investigation

    Discuss Zoonotic Aspects

    Confidentiality (remove identifiers)

    Limited number of spaces

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    PaperPaper

    DUE MARCH 1

    Any zoonotic disease

    Double spaces, font size 12 No more than 5 pages

    Background

    Case Investigation

    Discuss Zoonotic Aspects

    Need a topic? Ask us

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    Class ScheduleClass Schedule

    Week 1 Zoonosis Intro & TSE

    Week 2 Rabies

    Week 3 Classic Zoonoses Week 4 Bioterrorism

    Week 5 Vector-borne Diseases

    Week 6 Parasitic Zoonoses

    Week 7 Emerging Zoonoses

    Week 8 Foodborne Illnesses

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    Epidemiology andEpidemiology and

    Control of ZoonoticControl of Zoonotic

    InfectionsInfections

    Lecture 1Lecture 1

    January 18, 2005

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    Part I: Introduction to

    Zoonoses

    Part II: Transmissible

    SpongiformEncephalopathies

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    Intro to ZoonosesIntro to Zoonoses

    Definition

    Importance

    Etiologies

    Animal Examples

    Transmission Routes

    Life Cycles

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    ZoonosesZoonoses

    From the Greek:

    Zoon: Animal

    Noson: Disease

    Diseases and infections which are

    naturally transmitted betweenvertebrate animals and humans

    - WHO 1959

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    ZoonosesZoonoses

    Does NOT include

    Fish and reptile toxins

    Allergies to vertebrates

    Diseases in which animal-derived food

    serves as a vehicle (e.g. hepatitis A

    contaminated deli meat)

    Experimentally transmitted diseases

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    ZoonosesZoonoses

    > 250 zoonotic diseases

    60% of US Household have 1 pet Multiple pets in the home

    Human-animal bond

    Exotic species as pets

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    Zoonoses: Common DiseasesZoonoses: Common Diseases

    Frequency (CDC, 2003)

    Salmonella 39,919

    Lyme disease 18,991

    West Nile (CNS) 2,862

    Trichinosis 4

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    ZoonosesZoonoses

    Spectrum of Disease Severity

    Death = rabies

    Severe illness = plague

    Chronic illness = Q-fever

    Mild illness = psittacosis

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    Zoonoses: ImportanceZoonoses: Importance Economics

    Zoonotic disease are expensive

    Rabies post-exposure prophylaxis

    GI illness due to Salmonella orCampylobacterlost productivity, medical costs

    Import/Export

    BSE restriction on cattle

    Avian Influenza restriction on chicken

    Travel/Globalization

    Decreased transit time - SARS

    Remote area accessibility

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    Zoonoses: ImportanceZoonoses: Importance

    Surveillance

    Animals are sentinels

    Prevention and Control

    Animal = key component

    Complications (e.g. Lyme disease)

    Unknown reservoirs (e.g. Ebola)

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    Zoonoses: Etiologic

    Classification

    Zoonoses: Etiologic

    Classification

    Viral

    Bacterial

    Parasitic

    Mycotic

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    Zoonoses: Viral ExamplesZoonoses: Viral Examples

    Colorado tick fever Japanese encephalitis

    Ebola Monkeypox*

    Equine encephalitides(WEE, EEE, VEE)

    Nipah*

    Hantaviruses Rabies*

    Hendra* Rift Valley fever

    Herpesvirus B West Nile virus*

    Influenza Yellow fever

    * indicates covered in lectures

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    Zoonoses: Bacterial ExamplesZoonoses: Bacterial Examples

    Anthrax* Plague*

    Brucellosis* Psittacosis*

    Campylobacteriosis* Q fever*

    Cat-scratch disease* Relapsing fevers

    Leptospirosis* Salmonellosis*Listeriosis* Tularemia*

    Lyme disease* Yersiniosis

    * indicates covered in lectures

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    Zoonoses: Parasitic ExamplesZoonoses: Parasitic Examples

    PROTOZOAL HELMINTHIC

    Trypanosomiasis Baylisascariasis*

    Babesiosis CysticercosisCryptosporidiosis* Hydatidosis

    Leishmaniasis Schistosome dermatitis

    Giardiasis* Trichinosis*

    Toxoplasmosis* Visceral larva migrans

    and toxocariasis*

    * indicates covered in lectures

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    Zoonoses: Mycotic ExamplesZoonoses: Mycotic Examples

    Aspergillosis

    BlastomycosisCryptococcosis*

    Dermatophytosis*

    HistoplasmosisSporotrichosis

    * indicates covered in lectures

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    Zoonoses: Animal SpeciesZoonoses: Animal Species

    Dogs & Cats

    Rabies

    Roundworm Ringworm

    Lyme Disease (dogs only)

    Cat Scratch Disease (cats only)

    Food Animals

    Salmonella

    E.coli

    Brucellosis

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    Zoonoses: Animal SpeciesZoonoses: Animal Species

    Birds: Psittacosis

    West Nile

    Cryptococcus Reptiles, Fish, &

    Amphibians Salmonella

    Mycobacterium Wild Animals

    Hantavirus

    Plague

    Tularemia

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    Routes ofTransmissionRoutes ofTransmission

    Direct

    Droplet or Aerosol

    Oral

    Contact

    Indirect

    Foodborne

    Water-borne Fomite

    Vector-borne

    Environmental

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    Zoonoses - Life CycleZoonoses - Life Cycle

    ORTHOZOONOSES

    May be perpetuated in nature by a

    single vertebrate species

    E.g. rabies, brucellosis, anthrax

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    Zoonosis: Rabies Life CycleZoonosis: Rabies Life Cycle

    Virus

    inoculation

    (bite)

    Salivary

    gland

    excretion

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    Zoonoses - Maintenance CycleZoonoses - Maintenance Cycle

    CYCLOZOONOSES

    Requires more than one vertebrate

    species but no invertebrate host Most are cestodiases (tapeworm

    diseases)

    Taenia saginata and T. solium require

    man to be one of vertebrate hosts

    Others, such as hydatidosis, man is

    accidentally involved

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    Life Cycle:

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    Zoonoses - Life CycleZoonoses - Life Cycle

    METAZOONOSES

    Require both vertebrates and

    invertebrates to complete transmission

    All arboviral infections

    West Nile virus, Saint Louis encephalitis

    Some bacterial diseases

    Plague, many rickettsia Some parasitic diseases

    Leishmaniasis, schistosomiasis

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    Zoonoses: MetazoonosesZoonoses: Metazoonoses

    Invertebrate Host: Mosquitoes Vertebrate Host: Birds

    Incidental Hosts:

    HUMANS, horses, amphibians, other mammals

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    Risk FactorsRisk Factors

    Companion Animal

    Dogs & roundworm

    Rats & Rat Bite Fever

    Occupational

    Animal control workers & rabies

    Wildlife biologists & hantavirus

    Foodborne

    Raw meat & E.coli

    Unpasteurized dairy & Listeria

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    Risk FactorsRisk Factors

    Recreational Activities

    Camping & Lyme disease

    Farm Settings Sheep & Q-fever

    Cattle & Cryptosporidium

    Travel

    Maylasia & Nipha

    Australia & Hendra

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    Reportable Diseases of

    Animals

    Reportable Diseases of

    Animals

    By veterinarian or other individual

    Reported to CA Department of Health Services Plague

    Rabies

    Reportable to the CA Department of Food andAgriculture Anthrax

    Brucellosis

    Glanders

    Listeriosis Rabies in livestock

    Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis

    West Nile

    And more

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    Zoonosis: Take Home PointsZoonosis: Take Home Points

    Transmitted between animals

    and humans

    Zoonoses are common

    Animals part of everyday life

    Recognize the risk factors

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    AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements

    Dr. Bruno ChomelDr. Ben Sun