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to the multiplication of clinical descriptions we mightmore quickly come to an understanding of the essentialnature of this interesting disease. I

VAN HELMONT.

THE personality of Johann Baptist van Ilelmonthas had a singular attraction for biographers. Fortyyears after his death Knorr v. Rosenroth took thetrouble to translate his works from limping Latininto vivid mediaeval German. In 1840 G. A. Spiessset out again in the German of his time a completeguide to Helmont’s system and its relation to othersystems, new or old. In 1868 W. Rommelaere

published in French some of Helmont’s less knownwritings, and discussed his influence on the science

Portrait of van Helmont from the title page of" ATlfEgang’ der Arzneykunst " (Sulzbach, 1683),

reproduced in Walter Pagel’s book.

and practice of medicine. Last year Walter Pagelmade a new attempt 1 at interpretation,using Helmont’scriticism of the old teaching of catarrh as a basis forwhat he calls " a mirror of typical baroque culture."The English reader may find Herr Pagel as difficult tofollow as the pupil found his master, but even acursory glance at his book will reveal something ofthe tremendous influence which Helmont’s inductivemind exerted on the scattered and empirical thoughtof his time, and will show why Pagel puts as his

prefatory motto Henle’s line " The day of the lasthypothesis would be also the day of the last observa-tion." Curiously enough the present revival andinterest in baroque art in this country coincideswith a fresh interest in van Helmont. Dr. Moonchose him as the object of a presidential addressreported briefly on another page (p. 853). By someclaimed as a mystic, by others he is rememberedas the father of exact quantitative chemistry. A

deeply religious man, he took up medicine, as he

believed, on the advice of the Archangel Raphael,became dissatisfied with its followers, but was drawnback again by anxiety to relieve the miserable victims

1 Jo. Bapt. van Helmont : Einführung in die philosophischeMedizin des Barock. Berlin : Julius Springer. Pp. 223.R.M.16.80.

of plague seen at Antwerp. He taught that wisdomwas the gift of God, only to be obtained by prayerand self-effacement, yet he was imprisoned by theInquisition in 1644 as subversive of the faith. Heheld by the efficacy of the sympathetic ointment ofParacelsus-applied to the weapon, not to the wound-and for this has been ridiculed by moderns ; yetwhich of us now, wounded by a bayonet, would notrather have his wound kept clean and cool, as by thethen instructions, leaving the boiling oil, the vul-

nerary of those days, and other horrid applicationsto be lavished on the steel. Much was hidden fromhim ; science was hardly born. For five years he

grew in 200 lb. of earth a 5 lb. tree, adding nothingto it but water, and noting that while the tree cameto weigh 200lb. the weight of the earth was un-

changed. The observation was sound and good,although he was wrong in concluding that the increasecame from the water. But he prepared carbonicacid gas from chalk and acetic acid, and knew thatit occurred during combustion and in the stomach.He proved the explosive effect of gunpowder to be dueto sudden gas formation. He introduced the balanceinto chemistry, and showed that iron, introduced intoa solution of copper sulphate, was not turned intocopper but merely replaced it. He came wonderfullynear the truth when he said that digestion is a kind offermentation like brewing. He believed magnetismspread within the body, and might perhaps be recog-nised outside it in future years. He thought reason andbelief had each its own sphere ; and it is only nowbeginning to be recognised how greatly he helpedto advance medicine by his imagination.

MEDICAL CANDIDATES FOR PARLIAMENT.

TO-DAY (Friday) is nomination day of candidatesseeking election to Parliament on Oct. 27th. Of lastsession’s 18 medical commoners the only woman,Dr. Ethel Bentham, died during the session. So far,we have definite assurance that the following areagain standing. Dr. J. Hunter offers himself as

National Liberal for Dumfries, and Dr. J. H. Morris-Jones for Denbigh, where in each case a Conservativecandidate has retired in their favour. Sir ErnestGraham-Little as before is Independent for LondonUniversity, with authority from his nominatingassociation to give support to a National Govern-ment. Mr. Somerville Hastings will be nominated atReading, Dr. Alfred Salter at West Bermondsey, aDdDr. J. H. Williams at Llanelly-all in the Labourinterest. Prof. Thomas Sinclair for Queen’s Univer-sitv, Belfast, declares himself in support of theNational Cabinet. Next week we hope to give acomplete list of medical candidates.

Dr. Robert Hutchison will deliver the HarveianOration at the Royal College of Physicians of Londonat 4 P.M. on Monday next, Oct. 19th.

Dr. Arthur Rotherham, now a senior commissionerof the Board of Control, has been appointed one ofthe Lord Chancellor’s visitors in lunacy, in place ofSir Robert Armstrong-Jones, who has retired.

Sir John Hawtrey Benson, who died in Dublinon Oct. 9th at the age of 88 years, was president of theRoyal College of Physicians of Ireland in the bicen-tenary year of its School of Physic. He was consultingphysician to the City of Dublin Hospital, and had heldfor many years the post of medical adviser in Irelandto the Colonial Office.