SLIMME WATER OPLOSSINGENOverzicht nieuwe low-cost opties

Henk HoltslagNetherlands

Walter MginaTanzania

Holtslag.dapper@kpnmail.nl

Impulsis October 2011

Stellingen

1 Om armoede te minderen is het effectiever te investeren in familie pompen dan in grote water systemen

2 Om water gerelateerde ziektes te minderen is het effectiever te investeren in huishoud zuivering dan aanleg van waterleiding

New Low Cost options for

Wells

Pumps

Storage

Ground water recharge

Irrigation

Treatment (drinking water)

Sanitation

Hygiëne

Wells. Underlining Simple option to avoid collapsing of wells

Hand drilling of boreholes

Rota sludge to 40 m deep

Baptist to 80 m deep

Cost $ 100 - 800 incl. casing, hand pump

Pressure pump

5 - 40 meters deep

20.000 installed in Bolivia

Cost: $ 50 - 250

PUMPSEMAS

Treadle pump

Suction pump for irrigation

1.5 million Asia and Africa

Cost $ 15 – 100 Generates income

$100 - 400 / year

Families ,Small Communities

110.000 pumps, 5 million users

Cost: $ 30 - 150

Rope pump

Models for 2m dug wells to 2“ boreholes

Nicaragua

Increased rural water supply 3 x faster than other countries.

90% stay functioning

Fit for family use

Produced by local private sector, profit

90.000 installed. National standard

Etiophia, Zimbabwe, Malawi,..

2 mln users now

10 mln in 2015?

Zimbabwe may reach water MDG!

Ghana

Worldbank funded project

80% defect after 1 year

Errors

Devil is in detail

Simple is not easy…

50% of the hand pumps fail

No ownership No management capacity

From beginninginclude all costLife cycle cost

Lessons learned For sustainability:

Repairability From beginning include all cost (Life cycle cost)

Profit for all involved, private sector Profit based sustainability, create value chains

3 C`s of marketing, Cost ,… , …

Simple is not easy

STORAGE Wire cement tank ,

Balanta tank Bricks, bamboo

1 bag of cement / m3

Volumes 1 – 50 m3

Other options Emas tankPlastic liners

Groundwater recharge Tube recharge

Made by families

Cap. 10-100m3

Cost 5 - 10 $

Other options Vetiver, Spate irrigation

IRRIGATION KB drip, Easy drip

0.01 - 2 Ha Cost 15- 20US$/100m2

50% of world poor, small farmers

Can double food production with Inputs Access to marketWATER

Paul Polak IDE

FAMILY PUMP Irrigation of tomatoes + Domestic use for 10 families (Payback 6 months)

HYGIENE Tippy Tap, Wash bottleFamilies copy it (after critical mass)Educational for schools

SANITATION Urine Diversion

Urine as fertiliser, 5 x the phosfate of feces

Family food prod.

Cost; 2/3 bag of cement

TREATMENT

New disinfection options Aquatabs, PUR , Watasol

Silverdyne, Plation

Users; 0.5 ? mln. Price; $20/unit/20ltr Cost; $4 - $6

+ - Extremely simple - Functions one year

• - - High costs

Safe storage

New Water filters Reduce diarrhoea up to 64% (Unicef / WHO)

Candle CWP

Life straw Siphon

No option is ‘the’ solution

•

SODIS

UV

Combined Chemical (PUR)

Chemicals

Filtering

Boiling

PesticidesParasitesBacteriaVirusesHeavy Metals

Turbidity

Summary of EffectivenessSummary of Effectiveness——All agesAll ages

p=0.08p=0.080.58 to 0.820.58 to 0.8231%31%0.690.69Flocc/DisinfFlocc/Disinf (ex (ex DoocyDoocy))

21%21%

52%52%

31%31%

37%37%

63%63%

47%47%

27%27%

% % ΔΔ

(1(1--RR)RR)

p<0.0001p<0.00010.20 to 1.160.20 to 1.160.480.48FloccFlocc/Disinfection (7)/Disinfection (7)

n.an.a ..0.61 to 1.030.61 to 1.030.790.79Improved Storage (1)Improved Storage (1)

p=0.73p=0.730.63 to 0.740.63 to 0.740.690.69Solar Disinfection (2)Solar Disinfection (2)

p<0.00001p<0.000010.52 to 0.750.52 to 0.750.630.63Chlorination (16)Chlorination (16)

p=0.56p=0.560.28 to 0.490.28 to 0.490.370.37Filtration (6)Filtration (6)

p<0.00001p<0.000010.39 to 0.730.39 to 0.730.530.53Household (32)Household (32)

p<0.00001p<0.000010.53 to 1.010.53 to 1.010.730.73Source (6)Source (6)

Heterogeneity*Heterogeneity*

(Chi(Chi--square)square)

95% CI of 95% CI of EstimateEstimate

EstimateEstimate

(random)(random)

Intervention Type Intervention Type

(no. trials)(no. trials)

*Note that in a test for heterogeneity, a low p-value (eg <0.10) suggests an actual underlying difference in effect between studies that is unlikely to be attributable to chance.

28

Efficiency of measures against diarrheasource: 3IE 2009)

1. 

Low cost options for almost all problems

Improve water Quality ?

- Household water treatment - Cover open wells,..

Increase water Quantity? - 3R, Retention, Recharge, Reuse - Hand drilling, locally produced pumps

Bacteria in wells?

Disinfection or filter = safe water

Arsenicum, Fluoride, Pesticides, … ?Rainwater + HWT = safe water

Reduce distance to water point? Low cost boreholes & pumps Before After

Improve water sources? Upgrade open wells 3 mln in Africa

Recharge +Cover + Pump = Improved water source. (MDG 7)

Economic benefit, Rope pump

Nicaragua

Cost 1 mln $ aid in training

Benefit 100 mln $ increase GNP in 12 yrs

Family with a pump 220 $/ year more than families without a pump. (Invest. 5000 fam. Icidri/ICCO)

Zimbabwe; 1 pump = 80 people food all year

Zambia; Rope pumps generate 100 – 400 $/ yr

Scale Up?

Safe water - Household treatment- Awareness, Safe water = money

More water- Training, Training, Training

Vocational schools, Smart centres

Hands-on training

- Demonstration. Low cost options- Training. Production,O&M, marketing, ..

SMART Centre

Spin off SMART centre Tanzania20 trainers trained from 6

countries12 private rope pump producers,

well drillers 4000 rope pumps, 3500 wells

upgraded, 400 boreholes , 15.000 water filters

Cost reduction for water 40$ to 15$/cap

5 workshops trained in rope pumps

WASH program Tanzania Winrock Funded by US aid

Information

Smart series on Water Sanitation Water harvesting Hygiëne Disinfection Financing www.NWP.nl

Wikipedia for water & sanitation www.AKVO.org www.thewaterchannel.org

…

Meer water, meer inkomen

Connect International A non profit organization

Mission Community development with Smart concept (Smart techs and

Innovative survey and monitoring.)

Services Hands on training in Smart Techs, Survey, Monitoring Adaptation of Smart techs to local situation Creation of Smart tech centres

Strategy Cooperation with government, NGOs and private sector Awareness creation, networking in water platforms

Where Ghana, Guinee b. Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique,

Zimbabwe,. Nicaragua, El Salvador, Columbia India, Vietnam, Philipines